King Arthur Essays (1309 words) - Medieval Welsh Literature

Ruler Arthur The enchanted references to Arthur and his undertakings are dated in writing in some structure for more than 1400 years, confirming the suffering intrigue of this sentimental character. Since the beginnings of the English language there have been legends of extraordinary legends. The principal settlements of Britain delivered stories established in antiquated Celtic and Germanic creative mind; of the many, Arthur is without a doubt transcendent. The most punctual known portrayal of Arthur's respectable undertakings was composed by Gildas, (ca. 490-540) the creator of De excidio et conquestu Britanniae makes reference, though ambiguous, to an Arthurian figure; be that as it may, the name Arthur isn't referenced in the story (Strayer 564). The full prosper of compositions related with his extraordinary accomplishments and triumphs don't arrive at a crescendo for a few hundred years after Gildas (Strayer 564). During the Medieval times, in any case, Arthurian legend was unmistakable and stylish and endeavors to find reality behind the legend have been sought after for ages. Arthur's history, as Geoffrey Ashe helps us in The Discovery to remember King Arthur, is something other than a variety of yarns, something beyond an adventure in the sentimentalism of fantasy. It puts him inside a clear period. It names unmistakable spots and takes him to distinct nations (3). It is this reality and the fragmentary, regularly conflicting references of an Arthur (the Latin Artur,Arturius, or on the other hand Artorius) from old records, that loans enough legitimacy to the story to set analysts on the Clodfelter 2 path of the amazing lord. In any case, progress has been obstructed for various reasons and even now we can say little of substance regarding the man behind the fantasy. A significant trouble confronting analysts is that the job of the history specialist in the Dark Ages was fairly adaptable; a blend of narrator and advocate whose local customs, individual biases, and loyalties will undoubtedly extraordinarily impact the idea of its material (Coglan 214). In Arthur, Richard Barber explains this reality and talks about the mid inclination to utilize history as ...an motivation or as a cautioning to the men of the present, or as a major aspect of an immense awesome plan for man's otherworldly salvation (Coglan 7). Another issue confronting students of history is that the soonest sources we have are never firsts, yet duplicates, and considering their age we should take into account the spread of blunders. One potential such blunder is found in the Annals of Wales, written in the tenth century. Its entrance concerning the Battle of Badon claims that Arthur conveyed Christ's cross on his shoulder for three days, yet all things considered shoulder ought to rather be shield, because of disarray between the Welsh words scuid what's more, scuit (Alcock 51-52). The quest for reality of legend proceeds. Maybe the most popular of every Arthurian legend is that of Geoffrey of Monmouth. His History of the Kings of Britain, (ca. 1136) Other than planting exceptionally wrong ideas of British history,...supplied a premise and system for Arthurian sentiment and applied an impact reaching out through Spenser, Shakespeare, and numerous others (Coglan 209). In it, Geoffrey describes the historical backdrop of Britain's pioneers back to their start in 1115 BC to Ruler Cadwallader's demise in AD 689. Geoffrey's record, however most concur not carefully verifiable, offers a reasonable investigate the occasions encompassing Arthur's passing what's more, is the beginning stage for much examination (Coglan 214). Geoffrey's work was colossally well known and was not scrutinized during his lifetime Clodfelter 3 (Goodrich 45). Present day history specialists, be that as it may, have numerous motivations to be suspicious of Geoffrey's work. The most clear issue is its chronologically erroneous portrayal of an evidently fifth century ruler in a Norman England; as was run of the mill of history specialists in his day, Geoffrey superimposed his contemporary culture upon his portrayal of the past (Goodrich 47). Numerous errors exist in his portrayal of the period. In the event that there is an Arthur, he won't be a superb Christian lord sitting on the back of an overwhelming Byzantine charger, furnished in Norman plate protection. He won't relax in a relentless mansion between European outings with a band of universal knights; rather, he will be close to an unkempt what's more, potentially agnostic military pioneer with close to nothing if any protection. He will probably have a little escort of employed territorial warriors and live in no superior to a rough wooden fortification. Incredibly, Geoffrey's glaring mistakes were persuading enough to discover their way into the Oxford History of England, written in 1937 (332). Geoffrey additionally made colossal geological blunders, for example, setting King Arthur in Cornwall (Goodrich 42). He made mistakes in chapel history, for example, putting an Ecclesiastical overseer in Canterbury in the course of Arthur's life

An Analysis Of Sainsburys Supermarket

An Analysis Of Sainsburys Supermarket Established in 1869 by John James Sainsbury alongside his better half Mary Ann in London and afterward continuously developed to turn into the biggest basic food item retailer by 1922. Sainsbury’s is the UK’s most seasoned significant food retailer with their first store opened in 1869. It endeavors to stay aware of its confided in legacy of value with best administrations. Past: In the mid 1990’s Sainsbury’s, advertise pioneer up until this point, lost its situation to Tesco and in 2004 it boiled down to no. three after Tesco and Asda. The defeat included numerous reasons including evolving administrations, absence of creative techniques, neglecting to evaluate the effect of devotion cards plot, unfortunate securing in Egypt and a deceptive promoting methodology which neglected to impart the correct message to the buyers. Present: Sainsbury’s began to retaliate and be seen after Justin King assumed control over the administration job in mid 2004 an d thought of a recovery system under the name of ‘Making Sainsbury’s Great Again’. The procedure included a no. of mergers and acquisitions of little chains in the south east England and the Midlands. The new message of ‘Try Something New Today’ went truly well with the media and the shopper drove by the acclaimed big name culinary specialist Jamie Oliver it urged purchasers to improve in their kitchens and make their food fascinating. Future: The general store industry has arrived at an immersion point in the UK. To what extent can Sainsbury’s continue opening up new stores at areas with the end goal that its stores don't begin to rip apart one another? Utilizing the Ansoff Growth Matrix two future methodologies are recommended for Sainsbury’s: Opening up of Sainsbury’s Travels and Tours †Product Development based on the achievement potential in the movement business, Sainsbury’s may wander into the Travel and Tours business by method of Product Development according to Ansoff Growth Matrix apparatus for future procedure determination. Sainsbury’s has an exceptionally high likelihood of achievement as estimated with the assistance of SWOT investigation and evaluating the keys to progress and the basic elements. Sainsbury’s China †Market Development Sainsbury’s may pick the Market advancement system by offering the store business to the place where there is openings China. The move will be distraught after the fundamental PEST investigation has been done and company’s SWT has been evaluated with Chinese point of view. Sainsbury’s †Strategic Corporate Development History: 1990 to 2004 Corporations are required to include an incentive by keeps an eye on of their business. The objective is to oversee and control the organizations for a long haul and supportable achievement. The corporate level technique manages the decision of the business and the develo pment and improvement identified with it. Sainsbury’s delighted in the situation of the pioneer in the UK grocery store industry up to the mid 1990’s. It had supported its picture of a name trusted with quality and administration. English like old names with some history behind them. The organization began to lose its grasp in the mid nineties because of various reasons. There was an adjustment in the board after the long-term CEO John David Sainsbury resigned. He was supplanted by David Sainsbury who purchased about an adjustment in the administration style. Despite the fact that the occasions were changing and a portion of the individuals in the administration considered propelling faithfulness card plans and furthermore preferred presentation of non-food things in the stores, both the choices were dismissed by the new administration.

Admitted Student Gathering

Admitted Student Gathering Last year, the admitted students of the Class of 2017 got invitations to Admitted Student Gatherings, social events for mingling with other prefrosh, current MIT students, and MIT Alumni. The one closest to me was hosted by the MIT Club of Northern New Jersey. As the only accepted MIT student in the immediate area, I was pretty excited to meet other 2017s in personand to stuff my face with the alumnis homemade desserts! It was held at one of the alums house and started with a typical question and answer session. A New Jersey MIT freshman had come from her spring break to tell us about experiences thus far at MIT, from astronomy classes to being on the fencing team to more general time management tips. Afterwards was social hour, where I met some really cool alumni. Especially interesting were the alumni who majored in 6-2 Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, which I wanted as my major. It was amazing seeing how much the fields of computer science and electrical engineering had evolved over the span of just a few years. The gathering also got me really pumped me up as I began coordinating with my new NJ MIT friends what events we should do as soon as we got the re. This year, I got a similar email, but with one crucial difference: My turn to come down during my spring break and be the MIT freshman with all the answers. My turn to be the cool kid on the block. Theyre the eager prefrosh who have questions about MIT life and cant wait to set foot on MIT at CPW. My turn to tell them about my experiences at MIT and what Ive gone through so far. I began to wonder what kinds of questions they would ask. Would they ask about housing? The meal plans? Greek life? How to not rip out your hair while doing PSets? Its a good thing that my very job for the entire past semester was telling people about my MIT experiences. So I put on enough makeup to hide the bags under my sleep-deprived eyes and to mask the tolls that MIT stress had taken on me (just kidding!) and went with my mom and dad to the gathering on the Saturday of my spring break. The question and answer session itself was pretty casual. Two other MIT students were there with me: Ben Chazen and Liana Ilutzi (who I decree must only be referred to as Ms. President due to her status as President of the Class of 2017). We took turns tackling the various questions about meal plans, housing, dorm life, UROPs, and things to do for fun. One prefrosh asked how I balanced my work, sleep, and social life. My answer was Simple. I do my work during the day, sleep during the night, and hang out with friends in my dreams. Afterwards we stuck around and talked to the different prefrosh before heading out. I had a fun time, and I definitely look forward to doing it again for the MIT Club of NNJs other events. I hope you enjoyed this post, but if if you prefrosh are so uncontrollably excited for CPW tomorrow that you temporarily forgot how to read words, Ive been there.

Thanksgiving Speech

A thanksgiving speech is known to be given on the special occasion of the holiday celebration. The American culture is highlighted by the amazing event of Thanksgiving, providing gratitude and honor for the people, who have contributed much to the personal or common goal accomplishment. There are several topics to be considered as central in the thanksgiving speech. These range from general gratitude for the surrounding goodness to honoring specific individuals or circumstances that have benefited you. It is also possible to provide a thanksgiving speech for the recognition of ones or community success as well as effort. The main feature of such speech is the acknowledgement of the contribution of others. I am honored to share this Thanksgiving meal with the people I love and care for most in this world. This is just another occasion for me to express my gratitude for everything that each of you has done in my life. I would not be who I am today without the care and passion for teaching me how to have a happy life, free of worries and complications. My dear parents, the contribution that you have done to shape my personality is immense and I cannot express how blessed I am for having you comfort and support me. You have been my role-models since little, inspiring me to do things beyond my potential, making me eager to accomplish the wildest dreams. I think we should each think about thanks needed to be given to parents, who spent countless hours caring for us when we were little and worrying for our well – being now as adults. I am thankful to all of my friends, who are fantastic listeners and guiding lights in the darkness of doubt. I am absolutely honored to have each of you by my side, being able to share, support, criticize, laugh and share the experiences together. Friends play a very important role in life of each individual, but for me, you have done more than anyone could have dreamed of. The time spent together on the chosen activities made us rely on each other, showed the essence of friendship and love. I can proudly state that I have friends for a life-time, whom I will support with each opportunity I have, trusting and being thankful for each contribution into my life and happiness of my family. Thank you for being with me today and sharing yet another fantastic occasion in such friendly atmosphere. There is also a huge need to think about the goodness in our lives and forget about the worries or troubles that each of us had in the past year. Let us think of the incredible moments of laughter, love, hope and joy, being grateful to each other and life for providing us with excitement and fun. Life is not always easy, taking each us by surprise in the most uncomfortable circumstances. However, we do need to value the positive moments and maintain thankful for the possibilities that are offered and memories shared with ones we care for and love. Thank you all!

The Scarlet Letter And Their Eyes Were Watching God

Currently, this generation lies in a time of unprecedented growth and change. The last few decades have endured years of transformation thereby allowing for the evolution of the human mind. The evolution of the human mind and its thought process all lies within cultural beliefs; beliefs affect attitudes and attitudes invertedly affect behavior. These behaviors may implement a form of prejudice and discrimination upon a certain group of individuals. Perhaps the most concurred concept revolving around attitudes and behaviors rests upon gender roles. This flawed concept created by man himself has indoctrinated society to acquire a negative perception of women. Women carry a stigma that they are both unintelligent and are subordinate to their†¦show more content†¦This ridicule has a trickle down effect on Hester as she too is banished from her own community for committing adultery. The comparison between Hester and Hawthorne defines the external struggle for the reader to fully understand the effect of opinions from society on them Although reluctant to allow Hester to leave prison, the members of the town suggest that her punishment be to wear a scarlet red letter A on her bosom, thereby allowing all to know of her crime. The scarlet letter â€Å" was red-hot with infernal fire, † (Hawthorne 81) and defined the state she was currently in, that being eternal hell. Though she was forced to marry an older man at a young age, her rebellion to have an affair is not seen as an internal struggle that she overcame; rather, it is merely seen as a woman who sinned, a woman who shall therefore endure the punishment for the sin, rather than a woman who was never given a say in what she wanted with her life. Time and again, Hester Prynne is seen defying society by allowing herself to stand out from societal norm just as the roses â€Å"with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisonerâ€Å" (Hawthorne) did. Instead, she returns to the community and is observed aiding those in need, all with seven year old Pearl by her side.Show MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston And The Scarlet Letter1852 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough an unappreciated aspect of one’s status in society would be futile. Therefore, an individual must find his or her value to society and utilize it as their method for rebellion. This is exemplified in both Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston and The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, as women rebel against society without using their voices. The main characters, Janie and Hester, defy gender roles through external appearances, maintaining silence, and accepting sexuality. BothRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The Crucible And The Scarlet Letter1111 Words   |  5 Pagesresulting in the loss of control and power over the people. The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Crucible by Arthu r Miller depict those same societal issues. The Scarlet Letter explains the consequences, that a women has to face on her own after she committed adultery in a Puritan society. The Crucible follows the Salem witch trials and the mass hysteria of the people in, an also, Puritan society. Both The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible had a similar puritan society and way of questioningRead MoreThe Scaffold Scenes in Nathaniel Hawthrone ´s The Scarlet Letter791 Words   |  3 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is known as a psychological novel regarding humanity, sin, guilt, and a fair amount of other ambiguous concepts. One of those is the significance of the three scaffold scenes throughout the work. The scaffold scenes signify religious and moral ideas, such as sinfulness, the spiritual figures the characters each portray, and the character development achieved by public and private absolution. The first scaffold scene begins the novel. In chapters two throughRead MoreGender Roles In The Scarlet Letter1665 Words   |  7 Pagesexist in this era, however they were widely popular in past centuries and were considered to be parallel to that of the word of religion. Although The Scarlet Letter and Their Eyes Were Watching God take place in distinct eras, both introduce female protagonists who defy the gender stigma while carrying the burden of judgment from society on their backs. In 16th century Puritan society, Hester Prynne commits an agonizing crime that forever scars her name in the letter A, for her wrongdoings: adulteryRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1593 Words   |  7 PagesEinstein), but the society during the 1640’s prevents the people of New England to develop in a way that benefits their well being. In the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, readers notice how the characters, Hester Prynne, Pearl Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, and Arthur Dimmesdale act throughout the story. When reading The Scarlet Letter, the way society runs in New England, during the 1640s, changes the way the main characters act, some in a positive ways that end up helping the characterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1359 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne s book The Scarlet Letter he exhibits how committing sin can entirely consume a person through the three characters Chillingworth, Dimmesdale, and Hester and how they change from the sin. In the beginning Chillingworth is painted as a man â€Å"well stricken in years, a pale, [and] thin† (6) man that slithers into the market place. After finding out that his wife, Prynne, has committed adultery he blames himself by saying he â€Å"betrayed [Hester’s] budding youth into false and unnaturalRead MoreEvil is In the Eyes of the Beholder: The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1611 Words   |  7 Pagesor the other, and is always thought to be good or bad. In the novel, The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Pearl is evil. Pearl is doomed from the beginning to be evil. â€Å"In giving her existence, a great law [is] broken.† (80) Pearl’s evilness is ultimately credited from her roots. Hester’s sin caused Pearl to be corrupt even before she was born. As a punishment to her mother, Pearl has to be spiteful. The letter was not a good enough punishment for Hester, and if Pearl is a perfect childRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter: Tales of Sin and Confession1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe Scarlet Letter: Tales of Sin and Confession By: Zack Phillips The happiness of the wicked passes away like a torrent! This quote from Jean Baptiste Racin summarizes The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne in one sentence. The novels main focus is on three main characters and how the sins they commit affect their lives in the strict Puritan town of Boston around the year 1642. Hawthorne was very knowledgeable of his Puritan ancestry and shows it by incorporating some important thoughtsRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The happiness of the wicked passes away like a torrent!† This quote from Jean Baptiste Racin summarizes The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne in one sentence. The novel’s main focus is on three main characters and how the sins they commit affect their lives in the strict Puritan town of Boston around the year 1642. Hawthorne was very knowledgeable of his Puritan ancestry and shows it by incorporating some important thoughts and traditions into this story about sin and confession. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter : A Rebellion Against Puritanism2104 Words   |  9 PagesThe Scarlet Letter: A Rebellion against Puritanism Puritanism was the beliefs or principles of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church under Elizabeth I as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship which is shown in The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorn (Puritanism). Puritanism was a very strict, rigid religion which effected Hester Prynne and all other characters. In The Scarlet Letter many

Two Main Approaches to Learn About Nature in the Process of Science Free Essays

In the process of science, scientist use two main approaches to learn about nature; Discovery Science and Hypothesis based science. With Discovery Science, scientist observe and describe objects, and with Hypothesis based Science, scientist make a hypothesis, make deductions and then test the predictions. In our everyday lives we use Hypothesis based science to solve many different problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Main Approaches to Learn About Nature in the Process of Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a criterion that is needed in order to have a hypothesis-based scientific study. To start you must have an observation and generalizations from discovery science. You must have questions and tentative answers to the questions. You must also have deductions that will lead you to predictions. And lastly be able to test the predictions to see if the hypothesis is falsiable. In experiments the use of control groups and experimental groups helps to control the variables. A large sample size is always a better choice than a small sample size to eliminate the possibility of chance. A case study of hypothesis-based science is both different from and similar to a case study from every day life. The two are similar in many ways. Both studies require that you make an observation as well as make a hypothesis from the observation. They are also similar in the fact that they both need a prediction, and both predictions needed to be tested in order to see if they are falsiable. The two are also very different from each other in other aspects. A hypothesis based science study needs to have two different groups of subjects; an example would be an experimental group and a control group. Hypothesis based science also needs to factor in sample size. With a case study from every day life there are a lot less factors that you have to be concerned with. The basic differences between the two are as follows: Everyday Life -Hypothesize using testable and falsifiable hypotheses -are predicted by using If-Then statements -Test predictions -Conclude the findings Hypothesis Based Science -The above steps but with tighter regulations -Experimental and control groups are required -Sample size must be large enough to generalize results -Must be an experimental variable An experiment of my choice that I researched is a double-blind study evaluating the long-term safety of varenicline for smoking cessation (WILLIAMS Kathryn E. ; REEVES Karen R. BILLING Clare B. ; PENNINGTON Ann M. ; GONG Jason) This experiment asses the safety of long term varenidine for smoking cessation. Subjects were chosen at random, and it was large sample size of 376. There was a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group received varenicline and the control group received a placebo. Subjects were monitored by weekly visits that after week eight turne d into visits of every 4 weeks. Subjects vital signs were documented each visit along with smoking status. All subjects were also provided with a brief counseling. The conclusions of this study were: â€Å"Varenicline 1 mg BID can be safely administered for up to 1 year. Varenicline was also a more effective smoking cessation aid than placebo throughout the study, supporting both its short- (12-week) and long-term (52-week) efficacy† I chose this study because I think that it fits the criteria and demonstrates the basic considerations in a good designed study. I can use my knowledge of the scientific method when reading medical journals to figure out the authenticity of the experiment. This will help me as a nurse to comprehend the research being presented on specific diseases as well as treatments. How to cite Two Main Approaches to Learn About Nature in the Process of Science, Essays

Analysing The Case Of Cialis Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysing The Case Of Cialis. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on analysing the case of Cialis as an effective drug launched by Lilly ICOS LLC for helping customers in effectively adopting between product alternatives to existing products like Viagra. Viagra as an ED drug is observed to be harmful in nature and also lacks needed flexibility. The report focuses on understanding the manner in which Lilly would effectively market and position Cialis as a differentiated product offering to customers enabling both safety and flexibility. Segmenting the ED Market The market for ED is effectively segmented along three main divisions constituting of Physicians, Patients and their Partners. The Physicians The Physicians can be effectively segmented along two specific groups like Urologists and Primary-Care Physicians or PCPs. The Urologists were observed to have effective knowledge regarding the incidence of problems associated with Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and felt quite easy in discussing the same with the patient groups. However, the PCPs reflected a different behavioural trait in that they did not feel quite comfortable in effectively discussing the problems concerning ED with the patients during the initial sittings. The PCPs were also apprehensive regarding prescribing of Viagra to patients that complained of problems associated with ED(Lantos, 2015). These doctors reflected on the growth of untimely deaths of patients suffering from Cardiovascular Problems that emerged owing to their consumption of Viagra. These physicians rendered greater importance in generating a safe life for the patient groups rather than recommending Viagra to take care of their sexual problems. Thus, th ough around in 90 percent of the cases where patients had initiated the request for the Viagra drug the doctors consisting of both Urologists and PCPs proactively abstained from rendering the same to the patients(Ofek, 2010). The Patients A study was conducted for patient groups pertaining to countries like United States and also of European countries like France, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain and also Italy would respond to the emergence of ED and the treatment procedure adhered to it. Out of a sample constituted by around 32,644 patients visiting the PCPs, around 28,022 reflected that they did not suffer from the problem concerning ED while 2,450 patients that though they suffered from ED problems they had not visited doctors to take any form of medical consultation for their sexual problems. The remaining number of patients amounting to 2,172 reflected that they visited the doctors for earning medical consultation for their sexual problems. For patients, the main market segment concerning EDs is observed to age 50 years or more where around 80 percent of them had sexual partners or were married(Ofek, 2010). Moreover, the ED patient groups residing in United States were observed to be more knowledgeable concerning ED than other patients belonging to European nations. Survey results further reflected half of the number of consumers that tended to perceive ED focused on consulting PCPs. The ED patients tended to visit the doctors with either their spouses or with their sexual partners(Dogramatzis, 2016). It was also observed that in the patient segment, the younger patient groups felt somewhat embarrassed to talk with the doctors regarding their ED problems while for the older generation the patients observed the ED problem as naturally emerging on account of age factor and thus steadily discussed the same with their PCPs. The patient groups suffering from ED on visiting the doctors were administered with the Viagra drug. It is however observed that a larger percentage of the male patient groups reflected that they did not feel potentially satisfied with the use of Viagra(Ofek, 2010). The Patient Segment concerning ED was further segmented along three main groups concerning the using of Viagra. The three main segments that were identified as such consisted of Viagra Current User Groups, Viagra Dropout Cases and also other patient groups that Never Used Viagra(Ofek, 2010). The Partner Segment The Partner Groups consisting of women reported different types of causes attributed to the cause of ED for their spouses. The women partners reflected that the main cause of ED for their husbands and male partners are accounted to factors like growth of stress especially pertaining to their work spheres and also the prevalence of diabetes on a larger scale. Some women partners even reflected or blamed themselves for becoming less attractive currently which was accounted as one of the prime reasons for their husbands ED problems. The male partners however reflected that lack of physical intimacy accounted greatly for their ED problems(CTI Reviews, 2016). The male partners reflected that owing to the incidence of the ED problem they are having lesser amount of hugs and kisses from their spouses or sexual partners which further contributed to the growth of ED. The knowledge of Viagra as a potent solution to the sexual problem concerning ED was also observed to be quite low among the pa rtner groups. Partners were observed to gain information concerning Viagra either from media stories or from word-of-mouth marketing(Ofek, 2010). The Partner Knowledge of Viagra is reflected in the following table. The women partners also reflected potential inconvenience and discomfort regarding the intake of the Viagra drug by their male counterparts. The female partners however stated that it was better for their male counterparts to be administered with the Viagra drug than being free or without subjected to any drug profile. The couples were also observed in enjoying sexual activity especially during the night times and especially during weekends rather than at the middle of the week(Ofek, 2010). Critical Analysis of Positioning of Cialis in the Marketplace The Cialis Drug was positioned to help in improving the ability of around 81 percent of the people suffering from ED. It was positioned as an effective drug that would help people gain the advantage of enjoying sexual stimulation even after a 36 hour period on being administered with the drug. The same was taken to account for greater male satisfaction than that of Viagra. Cialis was positioned to rend the male suffering from ED a greater opportunity for enjoying the periods of intimacy with their female partners(Mei, 2012). Cialis was positioned against Viagra such that the latters effect stayed only for a four hour period compared to the 36 hour period offered by Cialis. Further, Viagra generated reduced benefits on being taken after a fat meal while in case of Cialis the intake of food failed to affect the performance of the drug on the male population suffering from ED. Cialis as a drug for combating ED also reflected greater amount of safety compared to that of Viagra causing un timely deaths from Cardio-Vascular problems(Ofek, 2010). The marketing program developed during the initial period for effectively marketing Cialis as a differentiated product focused on three main dimensions underlined as follows. Firstly, Cialis was taken to be promoted as a product that would help in meeting the needs of a niche market segment. Secondly, Cialis was also focused on being marketed to directly compete with Viagra already existent as a potential drug in the ED market. Thirdly, Cialis was taken to be promoted and positioned as a differentiated product through the incorporation of the beat strategy(Taylor, 2013). The differentiated positioning that would be rendered for ED would effectively contribute in generating a larger or broader market than Viagra. The promotion and testing of Cialis was firstly accounted through the identification of an effective target market for promoting the drug. The application of Cialis during the initial stages was focused mainly on the Viagra dropouts(Ofek, 2010). Similarly, the marketing budget concerning the promotion for Cialis was carried out in terms of approaching both the doctors and the patient parties. Cialis was required to be promoted as quality-of-life drug for which the marketing activities were required to be subjected mainly along two stakeholder groups, doctors and patients. An effective balance was required to be generated between the doctor and patient groups for designing of the marketing program concerning Cialis(Ezrachi, 2012). The positioning decision concerning Cialis was also accounted to focus on the pricing and promotional activities such that Cialis was focused on being marketed with a higher price than that of Viagra on account of its longer performance. Cialis was also evaluated to be marketed at low prices for being able to tap a larger market. Similarly, concerning promotional activities Cialis was focused on being marketed through the use of celebrity endorsement or rather focusing on marketing the product in te rms of attesting a sporting or athletic theme with the same(Ofek, 2010). The marketing positioning strategy concerning the marketing of Cialis compared to Viagra during the initial period would have gained further impetus through the incorporation of an effective promotion and place mix. The promotion mix for effectively marketing Cialis was required to incorporate different promotional elements like employment of print, digital, social media along with public relation campaigns conducted through use of broadcasting mediums like television and radio(Schecter, 2012). Development of half and full page advertisements for newspapers, health and fitness and other family magazines while also formulating of 30 seconds slot advertisements for radio and television mediums along with conducting of digital and social media marketing programs would help in generating greater brand awareness for the Cialis brand. Rendering of testimonials of consumers having used and experienced the long duration based climax concerning Cialis along both print and audiovisual media wo uld also contribute in development of greater trust of the consumers towards the Cialis brand(Ofek, 2010). Similarly, the incorporation of an effective place mix is required to be made concerning the marketing of Cialis to potential customers. The place mix would be carried out through selling Cialis through exclusive retail outlets of Lilly ICOS LLC and other medicine retail outlets both brick-and-mortar and also through use of the digital interface incorporating both e-commerce and m-commerce paradigms. Effective Apps are required to be developed for Smartphones and tablets such that the same would help consumers in both viewing and ordering Cialis in a convenient and effective fashion(Ofek, 2010). Position of Cialis against Viagra Effective brand positioning for Cialis can be done through reflecting on its differentiated offering to the ED market compared to other like products like Viagra. During the initial period, Cialis was promoted in the larger market for ED drugs through creating a differentiated image where Cialis was marketed as a drug for enhancing romance and intimacy rather than meeting sexual needs as in the case of Viagra. Further, the management of Lilly can focus on interviewing the medical practitioners for understanding their needs and expectations concerning the treatment styles considered effective by them for treating ED(Dawar, 2013). Herein, the safety paradigm attached to Cialis and also the flexibility of it being taken before or after meals can be stressed upon for effectively combating and comparing with Viagra that is not considered to be safe and also lacks needed flexibility. The interviewing of medical practitioners contributes in generating greater awareness about Cialis as an ef fective drug for combating ED. Further, effective promotion needs to be planned for rightly reflecting the benefits and attributes of Cialis as an ED drug to the larger consumer market. Different types of mediums like print, broadcasting and social and digital media platforms are needed to be incorporated for generating increased awareness about the product(Thursby, 2016). Apart from designing of marketing campaigns both physically and virtually for educating consumers regarding Cialis, Lilly is also required to focus on conducting a market survey to understand views, expectations and needs of customers and medical practitioners in the ED market. The same would help in development of effective relationship of the Cialis brand with diverse stakeholder groups and thereby aim in generating greater profits and sales in the long run. Lilly is required to both sustain and enhance the level of differentiation associated with the production of Cialis through the generation of considerable investment in research and development activities. The same is taken for developing newer and premium drugs which would help in enhancing the product portfolio of the Cialis brand in the market for ED drugs(Dubey, 2017). Effective Marketing Mix Package for Cialis An effective marketing mix package can be designed for effectively marketing of Cialis against Viagra in the ED market. Product Mix An effective product mix can be generated for Cialis through the designing of a potential product assortment consisting of both oral medications and injections. The development of injections for ED treatment are rendered in an affordable fashion and can be taken with drugs consisting of nitrates needed for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Intracavernous Cialis injections developed in combination with oral pills helps in faster movement of the medicine along the body of the patient and are also observed to have low side effects. Customers and ED patients thus can effectively opt between purchasing of oral pills and injections of Cialis(Schoonveld, 2016). Price Mix Cialis can be rightly marketed through the incorporation of segmented pricing. The use of skimming pricing strategies would help Cialis in both earning greater margins and also in gaining a greater market share in the ED market. Different types of packages can be generated regarding Cialis where greater emphasis was rendered for generation of discounted products during the initial stages while enhancing premium pricing during later stages and also based on the marketing potential of the consumers. Generation of discounted prices during the initial stages would help Cialis develop its brand presence in the drug retail market for ED(Dogramatzis, 2016). Further, Cialis can be marketed at a premium pricing greater than $10 in terms of approaching regions consisting of higher income consumers. The price mix to be set for Cialis also needs to reflect the assurance for a greater and quality life and also an enjoyable intimacy that can be experienced by customers compared to the procuring of Viagra, creating a threat for death. Similarly, segmented pricing strategies can also be undertaken regarding fixation of higher prices for the oral pills while generating low prices for injections. The same would help customers in deciding between shifting over two options like oral pills and injections for meeting of their ED needs(Babar, 2014). Place Mix The Place Mix regarding the marketing of Cialis in the ED market can be effectively enhanced by Lilly ICOS LLC through the designing of large number of research and development centres along United States, European and other Middle East and Asian markets. The development of local Research and Development centres would help Lilly in gaining access to local resources in terms of technology, human resources expertise and other raw materials for producing the needed product. The same would help in reducing the price for the Cialis product in the ED market. Similarly, Lilly can also focus on entering into partnerships and joint ventures with other local medicine companies associated to the production of sexual medicines and other products for developing larger volumes of such product for local market needs. The same would reduce the need for Lilly in exporting Cialis over international frontiers. Other than saving on exporting cost, the above strategy would help Lilly in gaining effective access to local market networks for marketing of the ED drug. Further, Lilly also needs to focus on the development of exclusive retail outlets other than marketing Cialis through different local drug retail stores and departmental outlets(MacDougall, 2011). Development of apps for mobile phones and tablets would help consumers in buying Cialis online. This would help in enhancing the purchasing experience of the customers and thereby would enhance the level of customer satisfaction(World Health Organization, 2014). Promotion Mix Cialis can be effectively marketed as an effective ED drug through differentiating the product as encouraging the growth of intimacy and romance among the couples. Along with the incorporation of different types of communication mediums like print, broadcasting, digital and social media for advertising Cialis, Lilly also needs to develop quality marketing and promotional campaigns such that the same would help in enhancing potential brand awareness for the drug in the ED market. The marketing campaigns can be effectively designed in terms of designing workshops for educating consumers regarding the benefits to be gained from consuming Cialis. Invitation can be generated to the patient groups visiting fertility clinics and also to young consumers visiting PCPs(Ezrachi, 2012). The advertisements to be broadcasted using television and radio are required to be developed based on romantic themes where male actors would be observed and heard in taking the Cialis pill before lovemaking. Use of effective colours in the advertisements developed for magazines and newspapers with couples in romantic moods would effectively highlight and portray the benefit of using Cialis. Marketing conducted through the use of social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook would contribute in generating larger brand awareness for the product in local markets and communities. This would serve the need for word-of-mouth marketing(Braithwaite, 2013). The management of Lilly can install an external market survey firm that would conduct a survey through interviewing male and female participants regarding their experiences in using Cialis. Video reflection of the survey activity along with publication of the results through use of print, broadcasting and social media would help in generating increased attraction for the ED drug in the target market.(Katsanis, 2015) Conclusions The report reflects the different strategic approaches that are needed to be undertaken by Lilly for effectively marketing Cialis in the market for ED drugs and thereby countering potential competition from the million dollar brand, Viagra. It reflects on the different positioning and the marketing mix strategy that is required to be incorporated by Lilly for effectively positioning the Cialis brand and in also generating greater brand awareness about the product in the target market. 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