Events Leading Up To Martin Luthers Excommunication :: essays research papers fc

      Martin Luther was the founder of the Protestant church. Martin Luther was born on November 10, 1483 in Eisleben in the province of Saxony. His view of Christianity started what is called the Protestant renewal in Germany. Luther sought out to inform people of what he thought were the churches wrongdoings. The resistance of the church called the Counter Catholic Reformation permanently divided westward Christianity.     Luther was raised (for the most part) in Mansfield. His mother and father were so cruel and abusive his childhood was almost non-existent, which later in life caused him to run extraneous to a monastery and become a monk. He studied at Eisanbach and Madgeburg and later studied at the university of Erfurt. The reasons Luther unexpectiantly became a monk are conflicting and could be argued upon. Luther himself said, "When I was terror stricken and overwhelmed by the fear of impending death, I made an involuntary and deplumated vow". There are many legends explaining this statement still nobody knows for sure.     The main reason Luther went deeper into his religious life was that he felt he would never earn his salvation. He didnt feel that all the prayer, sacraments, and the good statute title doing were enough. Therefore Luther did not think he could satisfy such a judging god, which meant damnation. Soon after entering the religious life he became an Augustian monk and entered the Augustian monastery at Erfurt on July 17, 1505. In 1512 Luther earned his doctorate in theology and became the professor of biblical literature at Wittenberg University.     Luther took his religious vocation very in earnest and spent much of his time reading the bible, which lead him to question the Roman Catholic Church. He realized man was at a disadvantage because our weaknesses force us to be burdened with sin. He said humans could not earn salvation by doing good deeds or performing sanctified acts instead we can earn it with faith in Jesus alone. Believing this, Luther was influenced to write the ninety-five theses along with him strongly opposing the sale of indulgences which are documents dismissal sinners of punishment after death.     After posting up the ninety-five theses on the castle churches door on October 31st, 1517, Luther sent a copy of the theses and an explanation to the distasteful Bishop. The bishop sent it to his councilors at Aschaffenburge. The council was unanimous that Luther was a heretical man and proceedings against him should be taken.

Effects of Divorce on Children Today Essay -- Psychology Sociology Mar

Effects of Divorce on Children TodayDivorce and its effects on electric razorren ar common issues that are on the rise in the world today. Divorce affects more than just the married couple. Children often bear the brunt of divorce, which makes divorce a complicated decision for most parents. Understanding the effects divorce has on a child is important to know exactly why a child acts a certain way. A divorce can affect a child psychologically, intellectually, and even behaviorally. Children can suffer physiologically from things like depression, intellectually by having trouble in school and behaviorally by having trouble in social settings. Legally, a divorce is a single event, but from a psychological standpoint, it is a complicated, multilevel issue. Things like identity confusion, depression, and anxiety are all areas of psychological concern this paper will address. Through this explanation, I will demonstrate the slanderous effects divorce has on children. Identity confusion is a main concern of children who have experienced divorce. Often time?s children feel prudent and blame themselves for their parents? actions. Felling guilt for actions that do not pertain to them can have lasting psychological effects. In a study done on effects of divorce, almost half of the participants felt responsible for their parents divorce (Taylor 2001). This study involves interviewing children regarding their views of the parental divorce. It discusses these children?s feelings and gives specific recommendations. The children are asked a series of questions including, ?Do/did you feel responsible for your parents? divorce (Taylor 2001). The amount of children who felt responsible in one way or another totaled 33% (Taylor 2... ...Identity confusion, depression and anxiety are all harmful effects divorce has on children. Feelings of responsibility, sadness, and apprehension about their situations have extremely detrimental and lasting affects on childre n. These studies show that these are so grim realities many children have to face in their daily lives. Parents may be affected by a divorce, but the children are the real victims. ReferencesBarker, Philip. ?Family disfunction and Anxiety in Children.? Anxiety in Children. Ed. Ved P. Varma. Methuen, Inc. New York, NW, 1984. 89-104. Fox, Daniel J. ?Children of Divorce Is There a Personality Component Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 35 3/4 (2001) 107-124.Taylor, Raymond J. ?Listening to the Children Children of Divorce Speak Out About Their Parents.? Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 35 1/2 (2001) 147-154.

The Importance of Interdependence and International Cooperation Essay

The Importance of Interdependence and International CooperationWe atomic number 18 not a nation alone in the world. We do not make up the beliefs, developmental status, and environment of the entire globe. To act as if there is no interdependence within states is not only ridiculous, but also dangerous. Professor Squibwell draws attention to this issue, and plot of land his views may be a little extreme in the statement that the world functions as a single integrated unit, he is accurate in suggesting that we collaborate with other states, strengthen international organizations, and support the pieceitarian and educational activities of international civil society. International relations are dictated, to a large degree, by a set of norms. While some states may, at times, disagree on what actions should be considered normal, the majority of nations recognize the mutual benefits that can be attained through cooperation on generally accepted rules. Some examples of norms include pe aceful settlement of disputes and respect of national borders. These expectations are adhered to by most state leaders and are somewhat institutionalized by international organizations (IOs) such as the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross. Whether they be humanitarian, economic, environmental, or any other stool of focal group, each of these organizations is in charge of regulating different standards of behavior. With anywhere from 2 to 100 members, IOs would not exist if there was not a gather up for nations to lean on each other for a regulation of norms or assistance. The creation and ongoing existence of such groups proves that Professor Squibwells call for the collaborationism of states is valid. Another trend in world politics that gives legitimacy to Professor Squibwells viewpoint is the importance of trade. Annually, close to $5 trillion of trade takes egress internationally, making up 15% of the globes economic activity. (Goldstein, 351) Whi le mercantillists take the standpoint that it is not the pl.ace of international organizations to set up plans for mutual gains in terms of trade, liberalists hold more practical views on the issue. They believe that states should not be looking at their own, short-term gain as if in argument with the rest of the world, but instead that states should find ways in which to fulfill the long-term, mutual gain of nati... ... that cannot be ignored is the communication and in systema skeletaleation roles that are creating international relationships. Telecommunications have advanced so much in recent history, and is advancing further as we speak. These improvements are bringing people in different states, cultural groups, and mindsets together more closely than the world had ever imagined. While there are still great rifts in beliefs and cultures, common people are suitable to quickly and easily hear the voices of the people from whom they are so incredibly dissimilar. A sort of glo bal culture is beginning to emerge. Supporting integration of this form would not be putting down the notion of diverse cultures, but rather be adding a sense of understanding and the identification of individuals as human beings as well as members of national groups. As you can see, interdependence is a fact of political, economic, and living life. The world now needs to cooperate to take in pressing problems. With communications and political coordination abilities of todays global society, it is necessary to take a forward stance on issues, bringing states together in order to relish in the vast benefits that are available to all of us.