Top Best College Research Paper Writing Service Secrets

Top Best College Research Paper Writing Service Secrets If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Best College Research Paper Writing Service If you decide to receive a research paper from our site, you'll receive a wide range of advantages. If you choose to purchase a research paper from our website, you'll get a wide variety of benefits. At the end, you will have to proofread your research paper so as to steer clear of awful sentence structure and grammatical errors. If you'd like to compose a booming research paper you want to abide by the format and style requirements. The Bad Secret of Best College Research Paper Writing Service Composing an incredible research paper might be a challenging task which requires extensive research. Create guidelines of what you'd love to attain in your research. You could need to do your research alone. Thorough research can allow you to compose a great paper with enough evidence and facts. 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Downloading Music with and without Permission - 1045 Words

In this era, millions of people either download or stream music. Music apps focus on providing the public with free music to listen or download; YouTube provides the public to watch music videos. Yahoo Music, ITunes, and many other software offers streaming music to the public. There are literally billions of songs available to download, which are easy to get. All the public has to do is install a file the allows you to share programs. Anyone who has a phone or a computer can download music for free by using the internet. Whatever goes on the internet stays in cyberspace forever. Lots of people download music using some type of program or app. If you dont, then you might know someone who does. It is that common. According the U.S copyright office, is that if you download copyrighted material without permission, you are breaking the law. Copyright law protects the value of creative work. When you make unauthorized copies of someone’s creative work, you are taking something of value from the owner without his or her permission. ( RIAA) Technology has made it possible and easier to download music for free, but it is legal to do so. When downloading music from sites it is okay to do so, if the site has the official permission of the owners to copyright their music; whether if the sites charges. For example the app Pandora is legal. Pandora is a radio app that streams music. While the user is listening to Pandora, they are offered the ability to buy songs or albums. ThereShow MoreRelatedRecording Industry Association Of America1144 Words   |  5 PagesA lot of us love music and in this day and age it can be hard to come by, especially if you don’t have anyway to buy online. The sound of music can affect all of us and our emotions. When we want to be in a good mood we’d probably listen to an annoying and catchy tune through our headphones. We shouldn’t have to be in trouble for giving ourselves joy. Today, I’m going to try and p ersuade you why illegally downloading music isn’t wrong. While I’m trying to persuade you some terms may cause confusionRead MoreReading Copyright and the Issue of Downloading Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesReading Copyright and the Issue of Downloading When you buy music legally, there is usually a copyright mark somewhere on the product. Stolen music generally does not bear a copyright mark or warning. Either way, the copyright law still applies. A copyrighted creative work does not have to be marked as such to be protected by law. â€Å"The copyright allows the holder to control the reproduction, display, distribution, and performance of a protected work,† (Corley, Moorehead,, Reed, SheddRead MoreTypes of File Sharing1664 Words   |  7 Pagestypically host files so that others can download them. Downloading Without Paying: Why is it illegal? When a movie or song is produced and marketed, everyone involved in the process has monetary gains from the sale of that product. Therefore, that product is protected by copyright law so that it cannot be copied, reproduced or resold without their permission. If you did not pay for a song, movie or other media file that has a copyright, then downloading that file is a crime. Likewise, distributing a copyrightedRead MoreIllegal Online Music Downloading, The Consequences For The Music Industry And Artists1096 Words   |  5 Pagesnetworks which are remote systems, typically a server. Copyrighted content needs to have appropriate permission to download it and without this permission doing so could constitute copyright infringement. According to Towers (2011), on-line piracy generally refers to sharing over the internet copies of works that are not authorised or illegal downloading of software, movies, videogames and music. Copyrighted works are distributed illicitly through Internet c hat rooms, newsgroups and peer-to-peerRead MoreIllegal Online Music Downloading, The Consequences For The Music Industry And Artists1110 Words   |  5 Pagesnetworks which are remote systems, typically a server. Copyrighted content needs to have appropriate permission to download it and without this permission doing so could constitute copyright infringement. According to Towers (2009), on-line piracy generally refers to sharing over the internet copies of works that are not authorised or illegal downloading of software, movies, videogames and music. Illicit downloads started through hacked computers, file-sharing networks, illegal servers and websitesRead MoreThe Most Overlooked Crime: Piracy Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages Internet piracy is not a victimless crime. Piracy is a term used to describe the illegal downloading of music, movies, games, and even software online. Although many people don’t feel that piracy is a crime that affects anybody, it really does. People p irate stuff online because it is free and does not require one to run to a store to get their product. People that pirate these things don’t think of the repercussions that go along with it. You can have to serve up to 10 years in prison, and payRead MoreIllegal Online Music Downloading, The Effects And Consequences On The Music Industry1100 Words   |  5 Pagesnetworks which are remote system, typically a server. Copyrighted content needs to have appropriate permission to download it and without this permission it could constitute copyright infringement. According to Towers (2009), the internet or on-line piracy generally refers sharing over the internet copies of works that are not authorised or illegal downloading of software, movies, videogames and music. Illicit downloads started through hacked computers, file-sharing networks, illegal servers and websiteRead MoreMusic And Its Effect On The Music Industry1216 Words   |  5 PagesMusic plays a very vital role in every person’s life. Music can change the emotions and senses of a person. No one can actually describe to what extent music is importance but certainly it has a crucial role. Time has been changing with various artists and the creativity has been changing but the music lovers are still the same as they appreciate and receive the music to the same extent as usual. What are the ways to enjoy music and the different forms to access it? Music can be purchased, sharedRead MoreEssay Digital Music Piracy1202 Words   |  5 PagesDigital music piracy has been a worry of the music industry since the creation of Napster in 1998. Piracy is the act of stealing something that does not belong to you which has been outlined in our society as something that is bad or against the law. There are many articles out there that highlight music piracy but four main important ones include: â€Å"The Music Industry on (the) Line? Surviving Music Piracy in a Digital Era† by Jelle Janssens, â€Å" Neutralizing Music Piracy: An Empirical Examination† byRead MorePiracy, The Intellectual Property Rights Of The Recording Industry Association Of America1285 Words   |  6 Pages 1 Piracy is defined as illegally acquiring a private property, in this case, music, without paying for it. Piracy, therefore, violates the intellectual property rights of the recording companies, together called Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The intellectual property right being violated at hand is the copyright laws that the RIAA have. The biggest problem that the RIAA has with this violation is that they believe their sales are declining because of piracy. In fact, the

Project Management For Operators Of Large Assets †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Project Management For Operators Of Large Assets. Answer: Introduction Project management is considered as the aspect in which the set of objectives has been maintained properly in order to achieve a certain goal. In order to manage a particular project, it needs a project manager. Turner (2014) said that, the responsibility of the project manager is to take care of all the different aspects regarding the particular project that includes the different requirements for the project along with the safety and the security of the workers. The main aim of this particular study is to evaluate the importance of the project management aspect for the large projects. Along with that, the study also aims to satisfy the needs of the project. The study provides a brief description regarding the contract process in between the stakeholders. In addition to that, the study also detailed the expected budget for the entire project. Moreover, the study also summarizes the requirement for the safety along with the quality assurance for the particular project. Description of the project Boyne Smelters Limited is considered as the largest aluminium smelter in Australia. It is located in the south of Gladstone at Boyne Island on the coast of central Queensland. Along with that, it produces near about 570,000 tons of aluminium per year. Recently they have undertaken a project near the Boyne Island that aims to smelter near about 100 tons of aluminium per day. In order to complete, the project the organization needs a powerful support from their shareholders regarding the financial department. Along with that, the organization also needs to create a proper contract in between the stakeholders and the project management team. Both the parties need to settle their demands based on the contract. Justification of the project and the contract process As the project mainly aims to satisfy the extraction of the aluminium, therefore the project needs to be continued ion a smooth way. The recent percentage of aluminium extraction has been reduced in Australia due to some critical circumstances. Therefore, in order to enhance the amount of aluminium in the society, the project is very much justified. The different manufacturing industries are the main receiver of the aluminium as they mainly tend to create different aspects with the help of aluminium goods. The contract process needs to be fair and transparent. Both the stakeholders need to be aware of the different situations under the contract. Along with that, both the parties need to make sure that their needs do not get hamper, therefore they may do some negotiation in between them. Financial aspects of the project In order to complete the entire project, the project management team of Boyne Smelters Limited needs to make sure one thing that they should have an ample amount of funds in their hand. The proper funding mainly comes from the shareholders. Therefore, Burke (2013) said that, it is necessary for the project management team to make the shareholders understand the every aspect of the project along with the importance of the same. Moreover, the shareholders also need to understand the advantage of this particular project. The entire project is expected to provide a net profit of near about $2 million. Based on that particular assumption the shareholders need to invest in this particular project. Identification of the different project conditions The project management team needs to take certain conditions into their account that may help them to get the project completed in a successful manner. These conditions could be the assumption of the certain factors. One of them is that the project management team would assume that the weather would not be a barrier to the successful completion of the project. Along with that, they also assume that the shareholders would provide an ample amount of money that would be helpful for the project. In order to complete the entire project, the Boyne Smelters Limited needs to select a proper team who can handle the different critical situations that may arise during the project period. The project management team needs to be experienced enough so that they can mitigate the different challenges of the project. First, the organization needs to decide a proper structure of the project management team. The CEO of the organization should be at the top of the chart and hold the entire responsibility of the project. Under the CEO, some of the board members need to be adopted in order to take care of the project. Under them the experienced project management team would work. In order to carry out the entire project, there are certain processes that the organization needs to follow. First, they need to make the people understand about proper objective of the project and have to motivate the workers in order to work positively towards the successful completion of the project (Schwalbe, 2015). After that, the project management team needs to identify the different resources that would be required in order to complete the project. Estimated budget for the tender Walker (2015) said that, the estimated cost of a project can be divided in two segments. One of them is the tangible cost that can be seen. On the other hand, an intangible cost, that could not be seen. The cost regarding the machineries along with the labor wages is considered as the tangible cost. Along with that, the cost of the time management is considered as the intangible cost. Particulars Amount Material cost $1,50,000 Land $2,50,000 Labor cost $1,75,000 Time management cost $75,000 Equipments cost $2,25,000 Tax $60,000 Infrastructure cost $3,00,000 Overhead cost $1,20,000 External cost $1,10,000 Cost regarding weather $15,000 Total $14,80,000 Table 1: Estimated budget for the project (Source: Created by self) Requirement for the project changes The changes regarding the project mainly signify the changes regarding the skilled labors and the management people. Therefore, the management needs to set up a proper backup for the employees. The management needs to provide a proper training to their labors so that they can replace the people who left out from the project. Along with that, the change in the weather is also considered as one of the major changes that may appear during the project (Heagney, 2016). Therefore, the organization needs to use some alternative method that may reduce the life risk of the labors. In addition to that, the technology that the organization use may get backdated as the technology is upgrading day by day. Therefore, Boyne Smelters Limited needs to use the updated set of technologies in order to complete their mining project successfully. Requirement for the quality control In order to conduct the project, Boyne Smelters Limited needs to assure the quality requirements for the project. The quality of the project can be defined in terms of technology that would be used for this project. The main thing that the organization takes into account is the safety and security of the labors. The labors need to be provided with proper equipments that can help them to proper functioning. Along with that, the labors need to maintain a proper time management process that can enhance their performance and make them disciplined. The proper management of time also enhances the quality of the project and tends to complete the project within the deadline. Requirement for the document management Mir and Pinnington (2014) said that, the proper document management is necessary for the large size projects. The documents mainly consist of the proper agreement in between the two entities. The agreement also includes some sort of negotiation regarding the cost of the different factors. Therefore, the project management team needs to assign a person who can handle the different aspects of the documents. Moreover, the budget of the organization also comes under the documentation of the project. The project management team needs to make sure one thing that the project should be completed within the given deadline; otherwise it may be costlier for the organization. Requirements for the disputes The project is prone to have some sort of disputes regarding the equipments and the other different factors. Boyne Smelters Limited needs to make sure that the disputed condition should not arise during the project period. In order to mitigate the disputed issues, the organization first needs to identify the issues. One of the major issues could be the change in the government rules and regulations (Hwang and Ng, 2013). Then the organization needs to cope up with the new set of regulations. Along with that, the use of technology needs to be changed if the recent technology upgrades. Requirements for the safety Safety needs is the main thing that the organization needs to take into consideration. Boyne Smelters Limited should provide their labors an ample amount of safety equipments in order to make their life risk free. The organization needs to provide their employees a helmet, sticks along with the torches. This equipment helps the labors to reduce their life risk. Along with that, the Boyne Smelters Limited needs to provide each employee with a GPS locator, which enables the organization to locat, every employee beneath the ground (Pemsel and Wiewiora, 2013). Conclusion After summing up the entire study, it can be seen that there are ample amount of aspects that the project management team needs to take into their account. The study also concludes the importance of the proper tender that can help a large-scale project to be successfully completed. Along with that, the study also defines the importance of the estimated budgeting that can derive the percentage of success regarding the project. In addition to that, it also detailed the different safety factors along with their importance to the project management. Therefore, it can be said that the project management team needs to be very careful before taking a project into their consideration and the tender process needs to be done in a smooth way. References Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Heagney, J., 2016.Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Hwang, B.G. and Ng, W.J., 2013. Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.272-284. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.202-217. Pemsel, S. and Wiewiora, A., 2013. Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), pp.31-42. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Turner, J.R., 2014.The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-hill. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

Sub Seven Virus Essays - Trojan Horses, , Term Papers

Sub Seven Virus Imagine this, you're at home playing on the computer when suddenly your cd drive opens. You brush it off as it were nothing unusual but then a few minutes go by and out of nowhere you printer starts printing a page that says you have a virus that allows people total access your files. You begin to panic when a message window pops up and it's the person that printed that out. He tells you that the virus you have is called the subseven virus. I didn't have to hard of a time imagining that situation because it really happened to me. The guy that informed me of having the virus told me where I could download the program to access people files. So I, being the curious type downloaded and proceeded to get into people's computers. I have to admit it is pretty fun messing with people. I didn't delete anyone's files I just looked around and when I was done having a little fun with the person I told them that they had the subseven virus. The operating program was well developed. It has a lot of options some of these options include flipping the victim's screen, take control of mouse, revealing cached passwords, open cd rom drive, disable keyboard, turn monitor off, and much much more. My personal favorite option was the ability to access the c-drive and see what the person has on their computer. Subseven was discovered in May 1999. The creator calls himself ?Mobman.? Subseven is a Windows 9x Internet Backdoor trojan. When running it gives virtually unlimited access to the system over the Internet to anyone running the appropriate client program. Subseven uses a person's ip address to access the system. It installs three files onto the computer. The first being NODLL.EXE which is installed into the windows folder and is used to load the trojan server. The next file is known as BackDoor-G.srv. This one is also installed into the windows folder and is the actual trojan that receives and carries out the commands from the client program. This file is usually the first file the user gets. The next file is used by the trojan server program to watch for connections to the internet from the client software. This file is identified as BackDoor-G.dll. The Trojan also registers the file extension .dl as an executable file type that can be run by the operating system just like any .exe f ile. This allows the attacker to download files onto the victims system and run them. Because the extension is not usually associated with executable files some virus scanners will not scan these files and the victim will not suspect these files. You may be asking yourself ?How can I tell if I have the virus Well here are some indications that you've been infected. Files copied to the local system, changes to system registry, and strange or unexplained dialogue boxes on the machine with conversation or keystrokes entered without your instructing to do so. I hope my report gave you some new insight on a tricky little virus that can really mess up your computer. I have added the full list of options on the subseven program. Fun Manager ----------- 1. Open Web Browser to specified location. 2. Restart Windows. 3. Reverse Mouse buttons. 4. Hide Mouse Pointer. 5. Move Mouse. 6. Mouse Trail Config. 7. Set Volume. 8. Record Sound file from remote mic. 9. Change Windows Colors / Restore. 10. Hang up Internet Connection. 11. Change Time. 12. Change Date. 13. Change Screen resolution. 14. Hide Desktop Icons / Show 15. Hide Start Button / Show 16. Hide taskbar / Show 17. Opne CD-ROM Drive / Close 18. Beep computer Speaker / Stop 19. Turn Monitor Off / On 20. Disable CTRL+ALT+DEL / Enable 21. Turn on Scroll Lock / Off 22. Turn on Caps Locl / Off 23. Turn on Num Lock / Off Connection Manager ------------------ 1. Connect / Disconnect 2. IP Scanner 3. IP Address book 4. Get Computer Name 5. Get User Name 6. Get Windows and System Folder Names 7. Get Computer Company 8. Get Windows Version 9. Get Windows Platform 10. Get Current Resolution 11. Get DirectX Version 12. Get Current Bytes per Pixel settings 13. Get CPU Vendor 14. Get CPU Speed 15. Get Hard Drive Size 16. Get Hard Drive Free Space 17. Change Server Port 18. Set Server Password 19. Update Server 20. Close Server 21. Remove Server 22. ICQ Pager Connection Notify 23.

Consenting AdultsThe Idea of Consent in the Works of Locke and Rousseau essays

Consenting AdultsThe Idea of Consent in the Works of Locke and Rousseau essays The idea of consent is a key element in the works of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In the Second Treatise of Government, Locke puts forth his conception of the ideal form of government based on a social contract. As Locke develops his theory of consent, he also incorporates theories of political obligation on the part of all citizens of his state as well as his theory of revolution and the conditions under which rebellion is permissible. Though Locke may appear to have explored the notion of consent completely, there are some problems with his theory that weaken its impact. Despite the possible problems encountered with Lockes idea of consent in a political society, Rousseau, in his essay On the Social Contract, seems to agree with Locke with regards to the concept of consent as it applies to the use of money. The works of Locke and Rousseau explore political foundations that depend on a social contract which requires consent above all things in order to secure liberty f or the people. John Locke powerfully details the benefits of consent as a principle element of government, guaranteed by a social contract. Locke believes in the establishment of a social compact among people of a society that is unique in its ability to eliminate the state of nature. Locke feels the contract must end the state of nature agreeably because in the state of nature every one has executive power of the law of nature(742). This is a problem because men are then partial to their own cases and those of their friends and may become vindictive in punishments of enemies. Therefore, Locke maintains that a government must be established with the consent of all that will restrain the partiality and violence of men(744). People must agree to remove themselves from the punishing and judging processes and create impartiality in a government so that the true equality of men can be preserved. Wit...

Facts About the Element Fermium

Facts About the Element Fermium Fermium is a heavy, man-made radioactive element on the periodic table. Here is a collection of interesting facts about this metal: Fermium Element Facts Fermium is named for the physicist Enrico Fermi.Fermium is the heaviest element that may be made from neutron bombardment of lighter elements.The element is one of those discovered in the products from the  first hydrogen bomb test at Eniwetok Atoll, the Marshall Islands in 1952. For security reasons, the discovery was not announced until 1955. The discovery is credited to  Albert Ghiorsos group at the University of California.The discovered isotope was Fm-255. which has a  half-life 20.07 hours. The most stable isotope that has been produced is Fm-257, with a half-life of 100.5 days.Fermium is a synthetic transuranium element. It belongs to the actinide element group.Although samples of fermium metal have not been produced for study, it is possible to make a fermium and ytterbium alloy. The resulting metal is shiny and silver-colored.The usual oxidation state of fermium is Fm2, although the Fm3 oxidation state also occurs.The most common fermium compound is fermium chloride, F mCl2.Fermium does not exist naturally in the Earths crust. However, its natural production was once seen from the decay of a sample of einsteinium. At present, there are no practical uses of this element. Fermium or Fm Chemical and Physical Properties Element Name: FermiumSymbol: FmAtomic Number: 100Atomic Weight: 257.0951Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth (Actinide)Discovery: Argonne, Los Alamos, U. of California 1953 (United States)Name Origin: Named in honor of the scientist Enrico Fermi.Melting Point (K): 1800Appearance: radioactive, synthetic metalAtomic Radius (pm): 290Pauling Negativity Number: 1.3First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): (630)Oxidation States: 3Electronic Configuration: [Rn] 5f12 7s2 References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952) CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

National Hockey Leagues Advertising Campaign Assignment - 1

National Hockey Leagues Advertising Campaign - Assignment Example Beginning with the hegemonic masculinity, the paper further refers to Conell’s definition of hegemonic masculinity, as a dominance of ruling class, depicted by its control over the sports institutions and media. However, the author of this paper has defined the masculine hegemony, in the context of gender participation in hockey. Accordingly, the campaign is about the dominance of men in sports, projecting women in a subordinated role. Exploring the creation and development of â€Å"inside the Warrior’ theme, the author refers to the NHL’s 2004-2005 lockout season, which resulted in the re-launch of new professional entertainment product, ice hockey. The marketing techniques involved the use of Chinese philosophy and inclusion of female voice. The lockout season was the result of the hockey being transformed from a small game to big business that involved inflated payouts to the players. The resulting declines in the revenues of NHL prompted the league to formalize salary cap and finally the re-branding exercise. In the second part of the paper, the author refers to promotional strategies adopted by the theme conductors. According to the President of Conductor, Tom Cotton, the campaign had a mix of eastern and western strategies, with proverbial reference from China. Tom refers to the campaign as the product of one script, which was part of the content that could be developed into a multi-channel media plan. The first thing that strikes the mind is the use of the word, ’masculinity’ in the advertising campaign, which is being discussed in this article. There is every indication that the campaign has a gender bias, as it depicts the male superiority in the field of hockey. The author does not provide any research material, which could support the presentation of such bias. Even the fans and other participating personalities in the campaign belong to the male species only.

Awareness, extent and nature of Business Continuity amongst managers Essay

Awareness, extent and nature of Business Continuity amongst managers - Essay Example This review examines one such document that has used statistical data inaccurately to bolster its claims. In the present document by the Chartered Management Institute (2002), responses of participants over three sets of similar data are reviewed and compared to try and understand trends that exist in some areas of business management. The survey results have been based on a response rate of just over 13%, with no observation about the representativeness of the responses collected. When the response rate is so low, it is difficult to establish the representativeness of the report (Burns,  Burns and Burns, 2008). This can pose a challenge, since it is quite likely that the responses received may be skewed to favour a certain type of respondent and may thus not be representative of the entire business community at all (Downing and  Clark, 2010). This makes many of the conclusions drawn by the report suspect. A second glaring issue that comes across instantly is that while the survey makes claims about changes in the trends observed from 1999 till 2002, no tests have been reported that test the actual significance of these changes (Burns,  Burns and Burns, 2008). For some of the categories reviewed, there are changes as small as a couple of percentages across the three surveys reported. From the data used, it is difficult to verify whether these changes have occurred due to an actual change is the experiences of respondents or whether the observed changes are due to sampling error (Guilford and Fruchter, 1973). Thus, it is quite likely that some of the variations in responses could be due to natural fluctuation and may not be true chances in trends at all. In some parts of the report, only a part of the trends observed have been used to define the nature of changes. Although the report claims to be studying changes as they occur from 1999 till 2002, when discussing some of the fear of threats and the extent of business plans

Major Factors Contributing To Habitat Loss Essay Example for Free

Major Factors Contributing To Habitat Loss Essay Fragmentation and degradation are two major contributors that go hand in hand with development. Hillstrom and Hillstrom point out that Inefficient community design is one cause of habitat fragmentation. Another is the haphazardly built system of secondary highways and roads that is both a cause and result of sprawl(12) . When subdivisions go in, more and more often they are homes with one to two acre zoning, resulting in the sprawl for one housing development covering even more area. Throughout the United States millions and millions of miles of these interconnected roads and highways, that serve to connect the housing and the commercial developments, form barriers, creating separated little oasis, of sustainable habitat. As development proceeds, subdivisions, factories, and strip malls spread even further afield, all being connected to each other by this constantly growing network of tar and concrete. It is an endless cycle of human growth and expansion, and connection. Not enough care and planning is being taken to keep wildlife habitat, animal life, and biodiversity alive and thriving. Regarding Fragmentation of habitat, Silberstein and Maser refer to it as The most serious threat to biological, genetic, and functional diversity(13). Maser and Silberstein cite that fragmentation Is the primary cause of not only the often discussed global crisis of the rate of biological extinctions but also the less discussed crisis regarding the rate of local extinction(14). (12) Hillstrom Kevin, Hillstrom Laurie Collier. North America: A Continental Overview of Environmental Issues. Edition: illustrated, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2003. P. 18. (13) Johnson Elizabeth Ann. Klemens Michael W. Nature in Fragments: The Legacy of Sprawl. Edition: illustrated, Published by Columbia University Press, 2005. P. 43. (14) ) Maser Chris, Silberstein Jane, Land-use Planning for Sustainable Development. Published by CRC Press, 2000,p. 43. 5 Fragmentation causes the formation of those islands of refuge, that the animals in the area naturally are drawn, to in search of sustainable habitat. It does not usually take too long, before so many animals are drawn into the enclosed havens, confined by the spiderweb of roads and highways, that the food sources available there become too depleted to support the refugees contained within the man made boundaries. Fragmentation, and the total stripping of vegetation and food sources in these areas destroys the biodiversity of the habitat in a manner it may not ever be able to recover from even after the animals are gone, either starved to death or attempting to migrate elsewhere. Authors Emel and Wolch, in their book, Animal Geographies’ state that Some animals can adapt to such fragmentation and to the human proximity it implies, but more commonly animals die in situ, or migrate to less fragmented areas(15) , and as already noted, migration across the man made roadways is a risk as well. Smaller animals such as bird varieties, and squirrels, lower life forms such as insects and such are able to adapt, and at times even thrive in small park like settings, but foxes, racoon, deer, and other larger predatory animals like bears, and cougars have no place within man’s neighborhoods. Degradation of the habitat is just as bad, it may take a little longer to become apparent, but often when an area is identified, it is already in danger of complete collapse. Many times the corporations are only exposed as guilty of negligent practices resulting in contamination, and or polluting an area, after a major animal die off draws attention to the problem. â€Å" The threats of massive environmental degradation and species extinction and the commodification of billions of animals as the economy goes global have led to turbulent politics surrounding animals(16). Oil spills, chemical releases, water source contamination have all made headlines, and help draw attention to the situation, and create awareness of the plight of animals in our areas. (15) Emel Jody, Wolch Jennifer. Animal Geographies: Place, Politics, and Identity in the Nature-culture Borderlands, Edition: illustrated, Published by Verso, 1998,p. 127. (16) Ibid. p. 8. 6

Biography of Sir Joseph Lister Essay -- Biographies Lister Surgery Ess

The Father Of Modern Surgery The hospital environment has not always been a place of sterility and extreme cleanliness that is associated with it so readily today. Prior to the work of Joseph Lister, the hospital was a place to go to die, not to be cured. If an individual was able to survive the pain and torture of surgery without anesthesia, a postoperative infection would most certainly be their ultimate demise. Thanks to Joseph Lister, later known as Baron Lister, a hospital is now a place of healing and cleanliness, not one of death and filth. Lister's Early Life: Joseph Lister was born to Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabella Harris on April 5, 1827 in Upton, England. Upton was a small village outside of the reaches of ever-growing London. Joseph's family were members of the Society of Friends and therefore he was raised in a Quaker environment. Joseph's father, Joseph Jackson Lister was also a well-known scientist known for his invention of the achromatic microscope in 1830, allowing for rapid progress in the studies of cells, bacteria and disease. (Meadows, 180). Joseph had a happy childhood with his four siblings and was a good student. He had particular interests in the fields of botany and zoology. Joseph was able to enter the University College of London in 1844. This was important because at the time entrance to the universities in England were restricted to those who would pledge an oath to the king and the church of England. Pledging such an oath was directly against the religious beliefs of the Quakers. The University College of England was a nonsectarian school and the Quakers were able to attend it. Joseph Lister received his college degree in 1847 at the age of 20. Lister wa... ...70. - Webpages: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/medicine/nonint/indust/dt/indtbi5.shtml http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/Lister.html http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/lis.html http://www3.bc.sympatico.ca/st_simons/cr9801.htm http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/other/profmed/slides/pm021599/slide25.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1867lister.html http://limiting.tripod.com/list.htm http://www.bartleby.com/people/Lister-J.html http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm http://www.lister-institute.org.uk/ http://il.essortment.com/sirjosephliste_rcod.htm http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/9910/lister.html http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/josephlister.html http://www.sciencefinder.co.uk/lister.html http://www.stlcc.cc.mo.us/fp/users/kkiser/History.page.htm- http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bandaids/ Biography of Sir Joseph Lister Essay -- Biographies Lister Surgery Ess The Father Of Modern Surgery The hospital environment has not always been a place of sterility and extreme cleanliness that is associated with it so readily today. Prior to the work of Joseph Lister, the hospital was a place to go to die, not to be cured. If an individual was able to survive the pain and torture of surgery without anesthesia, a postoperative infection would most certainly be their ultimate demise. Thanks to Joseph Lister, later known as Baron Lister, a hospital is now a place of healing and cleanliness, not one of death and filth. Lister's Early Life: Joseph Lister was born to Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabella Harris on April 5, 1827 in Upton, England. Upton was a small village outside of the reaches of ever-growing London. Joseph's family were members of the Society of Friends and therefore he was raised in a Quaker environment. Joseph's father, Joseph Jackson Lister was also a well-known scientist known for his invention of the achromatic microscope in 1830, allowing for rapid progress in the studies of cells, bacteria and disease. (Meadows, 180). Joseph had a happy childhood with his four siblings and was a good student. He had particular interests in the fields of botany and zoology. Joseph was able to enter the University College of London in 1844. This was important because at the time entrance to the universities in England were restricted to those who would pledge an oath to the king and the church of England. Pledging such an oath was directly against the religious beliefs of the Quakers. The University College of England was a nonsectarian school and the Quakers were able to attend it. Joseph Lister received his college degree in 1847 at the age of 20. Lister wa... ...70. - Webpages: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/medicine/nonint/indust/dt/indtbi5.shtml http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/Lister.html http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/lis.html http://www3.bc.sympatico.ca/st_simons/cr9801.htm http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/other/profmed/slides/pm021599/slide25.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1867lister.html http://limiting.tripod.com/list.htm http://www.bartleby.com/people/Lister-J.html http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm http://www.lister-institute.org.uk/ http://il.essortment.com/sirjosephliste_rcod.htm http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/9910/lister.html http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/josephlister.html http://www.sciencefinder.co.uk/lister.html http://www.stlcc.cc.mo.us/fp/users/kkiser/History.page.htm- http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bandaids/

Hooliganism in sports Essay

Sport related violence or hooliganism is a large problem in many countries, numerous incidents in eg. Italy, France, Greece and etc have ended in severe injuries and deaths. The word hooliganism and hooligan is associated with violence in sports particularly from 1970s in UK with the game of football. The term hooliganism means wilful and malicious destruction of the property of others the phenomenon, however, long preceded the modern term; for example, one of the earliest known instances of crowd violence at a sporting event took place in ancient Constantinople. Two chariot racing factions, the Blues and the Greens, were involved in the Nika riots which lasted around a week in 532 CE; nearly half the city was burned or destroyed in addition to tens of thousands of deaths. Hooliganism was listed as a criminal offense, similar to disorderly conduct in some other jurisdictions, and used as a catch-all charge for prosecuting unapproved behaviour. Hooliganism is defined generally in the Criminal Code of Russia as an average gravity crime OBJECTIVES Sports law is a developing law needing special attention and hooliganism is rapidly increasing in sports. Hence there is link which needs to be established between hooliganism and sports so that the problems can be addressed and solutions can be developed for the same. So in this paper I will be looking at the impact of hooliganism in sports. As there are no laws in India I will focus on the laws prevalent in other countries and how they can be incorporated in the Indian scenario to solve the problem of hooliganism in sports HYPOTHESIS The researcher gives brief study about hooliganism in sports while doing the project the number of articles will referred this will be the hypothesis What is the aim of the paper? This seminar paper would be to know that whether we participate directly as players or indirectly as spectators, the risk of sustaining injury is considerably higher in the sport environment than in most other areas of our lives. A duty of care must be taken. However despite all these factors accidents occur and liability will come into picture. What does the researcher want to prove? The researcher’s aim is to prove the need for an enactment in India for hooliganism in sports, due to the various risks involved in hooliganism and how it affects the smooth functioning of sports. METHODOLOGY The paper will follow a particular methodology while doing research on the topic. The study will be done by using doctrinal research and on the basis of that own opinion will be formed and included in this research paper. SOURCES The paper will examine a number of materials available on the topic while observing the subject. It will refer to available books in the college, articles, and websites. References will be cited as footnotes wherever required. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The researcher will mainly research upon laws related to hooliganism in other countries and will compare the same with Indian laws. The limitation will be the loopholes in the information as sports law is a developing law and still is not very clear and effective. SCHEME OF WORK The paper is divided into 5 chapters dealing with various laws of the country and recommendations to it and every chapter contains sub chapters. 1. Introduction The word hooliganism and hooligan is associated with violence in sports particularly from 1970s in UK with the game of football. The term hooliganism means wilful and malicious destruction of the property of others the phenomenon, however, long preceded the modern term; for example, one of the earliest known instances of crowd violence at a sporting event took place in ancient Constantinople 2. Scope The paper will deal with the laws related to hooliganism in U.K, France, Italy and northern Europe and will compare with Indian scenario. It will deal with the risk involved in hooliganism in sports and its effect on the environment. The causes of hooliganism in sports will also be seen. 3. Methodology The study will be done by using doctrinal research and on the basis of that own opinion will be formed and included in this research paper. 4. Systematic treatment In this chapter researcher will deal with the causes, various laws of other countries and any other issues related to hooliganism in sports. At the end a comparison will be made with Indian scenario. 5. conclusion and suggestions After looking at the issues caused due to hooliganism in sports and comparison with the various laws a conclusion will be drawn has to what can inferred an whether any suggestion are possible for solving the problem of hooliganism in India.

Practicum observation reflection -special education Essay

This lesson is about teaching winter to students with severe special needs. We talk about winter all the time with our students, especially when it snows or is very windy or very cold outside. I think winter is a common topic in our daily conversation, often used to break the ice with co-workers, classmates or even strangers. What’s more, it’s important to understand what weather reporters or other people are talking about when you need to decide what to wear. Therefore, I assumed that incorporating a winter lesson into a class for students with special needs is a good idea. Weather is an interesting topic to teach- I need to consider my students prior knowledge and their learning level, there are many simple, engaging and effective ways in which I can teach my special education students about the weather. A student misconception is the students will think snow comes from the clouds sweating. I designed this lesson to give a systemic introduction to winter. I focused on relating students’ prior experience and knowledge from daily lives with the story- a snowy day with new vocabulary. In the following group activity, students experienced the winter by using their senses (sight, hearing, smell and touch). Tailored to severe needs students, the explanation of the why winter comes and goes will be touched upon briefly but the students will not be expected to fully understand this concept. The teacher will be more concerned with the students understand of how winter affect us. One thing that I hope the students would get out of my lesson is: with prompting and support, make connections between a story or poem and one’s own experiences. Students can learn winter vocabulary (New words: Snowsuit, footprints, stick, plop, angel, slid, snowball, thought, melted), and to know about a weather-snow  experience. I feel the activity â€Å"make your footprints† was successful because all of the students were engaged and participating. Students enjoyed working with the sponges and creating their own footprints. Since there was a minimal amount of information involved during this activity, students were able to grasp it more. The biggest challenge is how to make the teaching more effective to students with more difficult behaviors. Since Autism is a spectrum disorder, which means that there is a wide degree of variation in the way it affects the students. Their  communication level and learning patterns varies from each other as well. Some are always low motivated and some are quite sensitive (out of control). I was wondering how much information they have received and how much they have perceived? How to let these students also have the sense of participation? In some choice making sections, I don’t know how long I should wait for their responses, or how many times I should repeat the question. There are several things that I would change if I taught this lesson again. I would like to make some accommodations for diverse learners. For example: pictures for  ESL students, differentiated center for different learning styles, give enough time for students to respond and safety/emergency concerns in class. In addition, I would develop more steps in assessment part. Such as pre-assessment before the lesson, formative assessment, and summative assessment at the end of the lesson to check their final learning outcomes. I felt that there were good things about this lesson as well as things that I could have improved upon. Over all, students seemed to enjoy the lesson. I think I met my learning objectives according to the class reaction and feedback.

Entomology essays

Entomology essays Entomology is the study of insects, involving their biology and control in relation to their environment and to man. Entomology also had an independent scientific discipline which had roots in biology. Some entomologists are involved in reducing harmful species of insects that destroy food, housing, plants, and clothing and cause discomfort and disease to humans, livestock and household pets. Others develop ways to increase growth rate and spread the insects that provide food, pollinate crops, assist in destroying harmful insects, or are eaten as food by birds and fish. Entomologists primarily work in areas of research, college instruction, medical entomology, extension entomology, regulatory work, and commercial entomology. They engage in applied research and find new ways to manage pest insects by implementing the discoveries made by basic researchers. More people work in this field of entomology than any other field. The purpose of this research is to find safe and effective means for preventing the loss caused by the many species that harm people, domestic animals, or plants. Scientists integrate a variety of methods including the use of natural control agents like parasites, predators, and microorganisms. Because some synthetic chemicals can harm the environment, they are used rarely to control insect pests. Most entomologists are employed in the fields of college instruction and agriculture. A person who begins with a bachelor's degree can expect to earn from $20, 000 to $24,000 a year. They may work as a lab or research assistant for a private school or business in a university setting. Most scientists go on to earn graduate degrees. The salaries for those people range from $33,000 to $37,000 a year. A full professor at a college or university is paid up to $50,000 a year. I dont really think this type of science would be interesting to me. I'm not really sure what branch of chemistry would intere ...

As Well As Does Not Mean And

As Well As Does Not Mean And â€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And† â€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And† By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Will you please comment on the use of â€Å"as well as† as used below: â€Å"Deng Xiaoping made a significant contribution with his theoretical courage of Marxism,  matter-of-fact attitude, rich experience, as well as his foresight and sagacity.† â€Å"As well as† doesn’t seem to me to be equivalent to â€Å"and.† According to Merriam-Webster, â€Å"as well as† is equivalent to and: as well as conjunction: and in addition, and. According to The Chicago Manual of Style, however, it is not: Note that the phrase as well as is not equivalent to and. WRONG: The team fielded one Mazda, two Corvettes, three Bugattis, as well as a battered Plymouth Belvedere. RIGHT: The team fielded one Mazda, two Corvettes, and three Bugattis, as well as a battered Plymouth Belvedere.- 6.18 The phrase â€Å"as well as† and the single word and are not equivalents because and joins two elements of equal importance, but â€Å"as well as† places more emphasis on one of the elements. Compare: My dog and cat bring me things to throw. My cat and dog bring me things to throw. My cat, as well as my dog, brings me things to throw. In the first two sentences, no distinction is made between cat and dog. In the third sentence, an unequal emphasis is placed upon cat, suggesting that there is something notable about the action as it applies to the cat. This use of â€Å"as well as† is similar to the correlative â€Å"not onlybut also,† but the emphasis falls on the element that precedes â€Å"as well as.† Note: When â€Å"as well as† is mistakenly perceived to mean and, problems of agreement arise. Chicago addresses this in Paragraph 5.133: [The intervening â€Å"as well as†] seems to create a compound subject, and [a] modifying prepositional phrase may itself contain one or more plural objects. If the singular verb sounds awkward in such a sentence, it may be better to use the conjunction and instead: WRONG: The bride as well as her bridesmaids were dressed in mauve. RIGHT: The bride as well as her bridesmaids was dressed in mauve. BETTER: The bride and her bridesmaids were dressed in mauve. If no contrasting emphasis is intended, and is the better choice. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should KnowThat vs. WhichUses of the Past Participle

Documentary Summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Documentary Summaries - Essay Example Lars Larson, a gay man, is the documentary’s first interviewee and speaks positively and in an undisguised manner about being a homosexual. The interview is followed by a CBS News poll that shows opinions from Americans that homosexuality harms America even more than prostitution or adultery. Another gay man is interviewed and he talks about coming out and being treated like a wounded animal, which differs from the opinion of the next interviewee, Warren Adkins, who claims his family treated him warmly. The documentary then talks about homosexuality’s legal aspects with North Carolina Judge James Craven, who notes that the US should decriminalize homosexuality like in England. Frank Kameny, the co-founder of the Washington D.C. Mattachine branch then makes an impassioned plea to allow security clearance for homosexuals. There is also a debate on homosexuality between Albert Goldman and Gore Vidal who argue for and against homosexuality respectively. The interviews end w ith a family man who claims he is gay and that the US was too narcissistic for two men to form a long-term relationship. The documentary ends with the filmmaker contending that the homosexual in America is anonymous, displaced, and an outsider. One of the most poignant moments in the documentary is the short interview involving the gay man, Warren Adkins, who contends that one’s sexual orientation is their innermost aspect and that, just as a heterosexual would not give their orientation up; a homosexual like himself would not either (Kraemer 1). He responds to a question on what causes him to be a homosexual by saying that he does not concern himself with it, putting his homosexuality in the same category as having blonde hair. He contends that he does not dwell on why he is gay, just as a person with blonde hair would not worry about the chromosomes or genes that caused them to have blonde hair. As a part of the broadcast documentary’s research, the TV station carrie d out a demographic survey, which found that at least 90% of people in the US considered homosexuality to be a sickness (Kraemer 1). Majority of them even favored legal punishment for acts of homosexuality carried out anywhere, including sex between two consenting adult males in private. One fascinating aspect of this segment is the manner in which it completely neglects to do a survey on lesbians as part of the society of homosexuals, while also portraying homosexual men as incapable of being monogamous long-term unions and as naturally promiscuous. Even as this point to the failures of civil rights and general trauma that these issues caused in the late 60s, it is interesting that the same debate rages on to date as the world argues on gay marriage and the right of gay men and lesbians to legalize their monogamous relationships in the long term. It leaves one wondering whether a documentary made on lesbians and gays today would sound as antiquated and foreign as this documentary f ifty six years from today (Kraemer 1). While this documentary was made and released at a time when the United States had transgender people, bisexuals, gay men, and lesbians had come out, these people were fewer than they are today, as well as courageous (Kraemer 1). This documentary is particularly important when looking at the people, in this case men, who have fought for the equality of homosexuals in society. Because these people were courageous enough to be on a documentary, including Albert Goldman and Lars Larsson, they made things happen and were important in the progress made towards equality. This documentary, especially its uninspiring and biased ending that claims homosexuals are

Reporting Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reporting Results - Essay Example They represent loans received. The security holder is entitled to repayment of principal and receiving of interest payments. Equity securities reflect ownership of interest and trading securities get a fair value report (Finkler, 2010). For the available for sale securities, they are reported at fair value. Their income excludes the unrealized losses and gains. They are reported as separate equity part that has no effect on the year’s net income. On the hand, not-for-profit health care organizations have all debts and equity reported at fair value (Finkler, 2010). A change in the net assets includes losses and gains. These gains and losses are reflected in the unrestricted net assets unless a donor or law prohibits it. An important feature is that all debt securities are depicted at fair value inclusive of those considered held to maturity by the former group. In this category, focus is not on net income; however, importance is vested on the total available resources. This makes the inclusion of gains or losses in the net income to be

Is there racial profiling in nypd stop question and frisk Research Paper

Is there racial profiling in nypd stop question and frisk - Research Paper Example Although these immigrant become a cause of financial prosperity as they bring foreign exchange with them and turn the wheel of economic prosperity by forming revenue for the country. However, there are people who observe every stranger as intruder and suspect them of criminal activity due to their narrow thinking style. Prejudice towards a nation or society is commonly observed; since right after 9/11 incident. International media and the world not only got terrorized by the incident, but started accusing and treating all the people of Muslim community in the same manner. This conveniently spread the prejudiced feelings towards Muslim and now it is felt by all the other people of the world as well. All around the world several innocent Muslims are killed by people who count themselves as civilized and literate nations. On the other hand they subject, innocent immigrant who leave their homelands, only for the sake of education or financial prosperity; as subjects to criminal or terrorist activity. The wind of racial prejudice did not start only after 9/11 but it has a past which date backs 500-1000 years of western prejudice towards non western. Recently NYPD is observing Muslim students of many universities far more closely than ever. They are not only talking to their professors and acquaintance but also following them on trips outside the premises of colleges and universities. An undercover agent was sent on a rafting trip with a group of Muslim students to assess them. Police commissioner Raymond Kelly is facilitating this investigation on Muslim students only on the basis of their religious beliefs and practices. However, there is no such evidence found against these students, to be involved in terrorist activities so far. Several students are in a perplexed state after becoming a surveillance list member. These students felt discomfort and mistrust

Trait Paradigm of Psychology for Intelligence

Trait Paradigm of Psychology for Intelligence Trait Paradigm of Psychology and How It Applies To the Measurement of Intelligence and Personality: An Explanation It has long been observed that individuals differ one from another on many psychological dimensions. This is why Cervone and Lawrence (2007) say that traits, the primary unit of personality description, are relatively enduring ways in which individuals differ. Assessment at the level of traits is variable centered and nomothetic, focusing on differences among individuals, as opposed to the person-centered and idio-graphic approach that focuses on individuals, and that typically characterises assessment at deeper and more abstract levels of personality. An area of intense interest among psychologists is the measurement of individual differences in personality. Lubinski (2004) mentions personality is commonly defined as the constellation of traits, or typical and relatively stable patterns of responding to the environment, which are unique to various individuals. An important focus of educational psychology is the assessment of these traits and other related psychological attributes su ch as interests, preferences, and attitudes (Lubinski, 2004). Personality traits describe individual differences in human beings typical ways of perceiving, thinking, feeling, and behaving that are generally consistent over time and across situations. Three major research areas are central to trait psychology. First, trait psychologists have attempted to identify sets of basic traits that adequately describe between-person variation in human personality. Second, social scientists across disciplines use personality traits to predict behavior and life outcomes. Third, trait psychologists attempt to understand the nature of behavioral consistency and the coherence of the person in relation to situational influences. Cervone and Lawrence (2007) mention that there are two prominent approaches to identifying the basic personality traits and their organizational structure (McCrae and John 1992). The lexical approach emphasizes the evaluation of personality trait adjectives in the natural language lexicon and assumes that those personality descriptors encoded in everyday language reflect important individual differences, particularly if they are found across languages. The questionnaire approach attempts to assess important traits derived from psychologically based and biologically based personality theories. Self- and peerratings on sets of lexically derived or theoretically derived traits have typically been subjected to factor analysis to develop hierarchical organizations of traits reflecting a small number of broad superordinate dimensions overarching a large number of narrow-band traits. At the superordinate level, contemporary trait structural models vary in the number of dimensions necessary to organize lower-order traits, ranging from two to sixteen. Each of these models can be assessed via self- and peer-report using reliable and well-validated questionnaires and rating forms (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). In the most influential and widely used structural model, thirty traits are hierarchically organized into five broad bipolar dimensions, reflecting a convergence of the Big Five lexical traits and the questionnaire-based five-factor model. The Big Five/FFM dimensions are neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Adherents of the Big Five/FFM model assert that these dimensions can be found across languages and personality measures, providing a comprehensive and parsimonious account of individual differences in personality (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). Contemporary research on the heritability of traits has focused on the Big Five/FFM dimensions. Behavioral genetic studies have found substantial heritability ranging from 41 percent to 61 percent for the broad dimensions, with little evidence of shared environmental effects (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). Heritability of the narrowband traits of the FFM is more modest, ranging from 30 percent to 50 percent. It is widely believed that traits are influenced by multiple genes; molecular genetic studies, however, have not replicated results linking specific genes to personality traits. In addition to the genetic correlates of traits, promising new efforts by neuropsychologists using functional brain imaging and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings have begun to reveal the neural basis for traits. Trait theory has been applied to industrial/organizational psychology where it has been used to predict employee satisfaction and job performance. Personality traits have also been of interest to forensic psychologists in predicting psychopathic and deviant behavior. Other areas in which traits have been successfully employed include: predicting mate selection as well as marital satisfaction, social psychology, counseling, studies of human development across the lifespan, cross-cultural studies, learning and educational outcomes, and health-related behaviors and outcomes (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). Individuals differ from one another behaviorally in myriad ways. Differential psychology, the scientific study of these individual differences, provides an organizational structure for this vast array of psychological attributes (Lubinski, 2004). In words of Cervone and Lawrence (2007) by examining broad behavioral patterns and using systematic assessments of relatively stable personal attributes, differential psychology allows longitudinal forecasting of a variety of important life outcomes. Because much of the research in this area focuses particular attention on predicting long-term life outcomes, and because work is such a large and important feature of adult life, the relationships between many commonly investigated individual difference constructs and various aspects of work behavior. For example educational-vocational choice, acquisition of job-related knowledge, job performance, job satisfaction and tenure are well understood. Traditionally, the measurement of individual differences has relied on psychometric scales based on the aggregation of many items. Because any single item on a scale represents only a sliver of information about a personal attribute, aggregation is used to create a composite of several lightly correlated items. This approach distills the communality running through the items and constitutes highly reliable and useful information about the human characteristic under analysis (Gottfredson, 2003). Although individuals are commonly described in the more popular press in terms of types, implying that people are members of distinct categories (e.g., extraverts or introverts), individual difference variables are rarely observed as discrete classes. Rather, the majority of individuals are found near the center of a continuous distribution, with few observations at either extreme. The distributional pattern of most individual difference variables is well represented by the normal (bell-shaped) curve (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). The major dimensions of individual differences can be classified into three overlapping clusters: cognitive abilities, preferences (interests and values), and personality (Gottfredson, 2003). The predominant scientific conceptualization of cognitive abilities involves a hierarchical organization. Various models of additional specific abilities have been proposed, but the hierarchical nature of human abilities is salient in each (Lubinski, 2000). For example, John Carroll factor analyzed more than 460 data sets collected throughout the 20th century and found a general factor (g) at the apex that explained approximately half of the common variance among a heterogeneous collection of tests, revealing a communality running through many different types of more specialized abilities and the tests designed to measure them. This general intelligence factor exhibits an extensive range of external correlates, implicating it as arguably the most scientifically significant dimension of human psychological diversity uncovered by differential psychology to date. It has repeatedly demonstrated its utility in the prediction of educationally and vocationally relevant outcomes, including the acquisition of job-related knowledge and job performance (Lubinski, 2000). For example, in a meta-analysis of 85 years of research on personnel selection methods, Frank Schmidt and John Hunter reported that g is the best single predictor of performance in job-training programs, exhibiting an average validity coefficient of .56. Schmidt and Hunter further reported that the validity of g in predicting job performance is second only to that of work sample measures. However, because the use of work samples is limited to use with incumbents and is much costlier to implement, g is usually considered more efficient. The predictive validity of g in forecasting job performance varies as a function of job complexity, with stronger relationships among more complex positions. Hunter reports validity coefficients of .58 for professional and managerial positions, .56 for highly technical jobs, .40 for semiskilled labor, and .23 for unskilled labor. For the majority of jobs (62%), those classified as medium-complexity, a validity coefficient of .51 was observed. The general factor of intelligence is supplemented by several more circumscribed, specific abilities that have demonstrated psychological importance. David Lubinski and his colleagues have shown that at least three add incremental validity to the variance-explained by g: verbal, mathematical, and spatial abilities. The importance of specific abilities may be even more apparent at higher levels of functioning (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). In examinations of numerous job analysis data sets, for example, Linda Gottfredson found that, although the functional duties of jobs were characterized primarily by their cognitive complexity (i.e., demands on general intelligence), jobs requiring above-average intelligence were more dependent on profiles of specific abilities than were those jobs requiring average or below average general intelligence (Lillienfeld, Wood and Garb, 2000). Dpecific abilities are relevant in the prediction of job performance, but they are also important in predicting the educational and vocational niches into which individuals self-select. This self-selection occurs even at extraordinary levels of general intellectual development. In a recent 10-year longitudinal study, for example, Lubinski compared the educational-vocational tracks chosen by three groups of profoundly gifted individuals (top 1 in 10,000 for their age): a high verbal group (individuals with advanced verbal reasoning ability, relative to their mathematical ability), a high math group (individuals with advanced mathematical reasoning ability, relative to their verbal ability), and a high flat profile group (individuals with comparably high verbal and mathematical abilities). Despite having similar levels of general cognitive ability, the three groups diverged in their professional developmental choices (Lillienfeld, Wood and Garb, 2000). High math participants were frequ ently pursuing training in scientific and technological professions, whereas high verbal participants were doing so in the humanities and arts. High flat participants were intermediate. Hollands model of interests organizes six general occupational themes in a hexagon with one theme at each vertex in the hexagon. The themes are ordered according to their pattern of inter-correlations: Adjacent themes in the hexagon are more highly correlated to one another, whereas opposite themes are least correlated. This model is known as the RIASEC model, an acronym for the six themes represented in the hexagon: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). Individuals with high realistic interests exhibit preferences for working with things and tools; those with high investigative interests enjoy scientific pursuits; high artistic interests reflect desires for aesthetic pursuits and self-expression; social interests involve preferences for contact with people and opportunities to help people; individuals high in enterprising interests enjoy buying, marketing, and selling; and those with conventional interests are comfor table with office practices and well-structured tasks. Individuals relative normative strengths on each of the RIASECs general occupational themes are commonly assessed using the Strong Interest Inventory (Carroll, 1993). Although the generalizability of the RIASEC model has emerged repeatedly in large samples, Dale Prediger has suggested that the model can be reduced to two relatively independent bipolar dimensions: people versus things, and data versus ideas. People versus things may be superimposed on the social and realistic themes, respectively (Carroll, 1993). Running to the first dimension, the second dimension, data versus ideas, locates data between the enterprising and conventional themes and ideas between the artistic and investigative themes. The people versus things dimension represents one of the largest sex differences on a trait uncovered in psychology (a full standard deviation, with women scoring higher on the desire to work with people, and men, with things), revealing important implications for the occupations that men and women choose. Values constitute another category of personal preferences germane to learning and work, which have demonstrated their utility in the prediction of both educational and occupational criteria. Values are validly assessed by the Study of Values, which reports the intra-individual prominence of six personal values: theoretical, economic, political, social, aesthetic, and religious. These dimensions provided an additional 13% of explained variance above the 10% offered by math and verbal abilities in the prediction of undergraduate majors in gifted youth assessed over a 10-year interval; moreover, this finding has recently been generalized to occupational criteria, measured in commensurate terms, over a 20-year interval. However, although preferences do seem to play an important role in predicting occupational group membership and tenure, once individuals self-select into occupational fields, the utility of preferences for predicting job performance in those fields is limited (Carroll, 1 993). Empirical examinations of personality use trait models to understand a persons typical interpersonal style and behavioral characteristics. These models have historically relied on a lexical approach that assumes that important dimensions of human personality are encoded in human language. This method has been fruitful: Lewis Goldberg, among others (Ackerman, 1996), has factor analyzed the lexicons of many languages and found a five-factor model of personality with remarkable similarities across cultures (see also investigations by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa). Although the labels for each of the factors have varied, similar underlying constructs consistently emerge: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Extraversion is characterized by terms such as talkative, sociable, or not reserved; agreeableness by good-natured, cooperative, or not cold; conscientiousness by responsible, thorough, or not disorganized; neuroticism (sometimes referred to as emotional stability, reversed) by anxious, emotional, or not calm; and openness to experience (sometimes referred to as culture or intellect) by imaginative, reflective, or not narrow. The normative standing of individuals on each of the dimensions of the five-factor model of personality is commonly assessed using the NEO Personality Inventory, although an analogous instrument, the IPIP-NEO (IPIP is International Personality Item Pool), is available in the public domain at http:/ / ipip.ori.org/ Collectively (and sometimes individually), these broad dimensions of personality are valid predictors of occupational training and subsequent performance. For example, across multiple occupational categories, conscientiousness alone exhibits validity coefficients in the low .20s for predicting training and job proficiency. This particular combination of personality factors, conscientiousness and emotional stability, is found in tests of integrity commonly used in personnel selection (Spies Plake, 2005). From an individuals perspective, an appreciation of ones cognitive abilities, preferences, and personality provide invaluable insight for directing ones career development in personally rewarding ways. From an organizational perspective, one may use this information—available through measures of individual differences—to estimate the likelihood of desirable work behavior (e.g., citizenship, job performance, satisfaction, and tenure). References Ackerman, P. L., 1996, A Theory Of Adult Intellectual Development: Process, Personality, Interests, And Knowledge. Intelligence vol. 22 pp. 227-257 (1996). Aiken, L. R. (2000), Psychological Testing And Assessment (10th ed.). Boston: Allyn Bacon. Carroll, J. B. (1993), Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey Of Factor-Analytic Studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Cervone, Lawrence A. Pervin, 2007, Personality: Theory and Research, Wiley; 10th edition (February 26, 2007), pp. 45-67. Gottfredson, L. S., 2003, The Challenge And Promise Of Cognitive Career Assessment. Journal of Career Assessment vol. 11 pp. 115-135 (2003). Lubinski, D., 2000, Scientific And Social Significance Of Assessing Individual Differences: â€Å"Sinking Shafts At A Few Critical Points.† Annual Review of Psychology vol. 51 pp. 405-444 (2000). Lubinski, D., 2004, Introduction To The Special Section On Cognitive Abilities: 100 Years After Spearmans (1904) â€Å"‘General intelligence, objectively determined and measured.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology vol. 86 pp. 96-111 (2004). Lillienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. M. , and Garb, H. N., 2000, The Scientific Status Of Projective Techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest vol. 1 (2000). pp. 27-66 Spies, R. A. , ed. , Plake, B. S. (Eds.). (2005), The Sixteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements. Candidate Number 33156762 Rapid (complex) decision making based on facial appearance Making first impressions, evaluating a person from the moment we first see them, happens spontaneously and seemingly without any cognitive effort. We do it naturally when we see and meet new people, in order to have an idea of who they are beforehand instead of unknowingly acting in a way they might find inappropriate. It appears that humans are excellent in judging personality traits and such things as complex social characteristics like dominance, hierarchy, warmth, and especially threat. For instance, think about this example. Youre walking down a dark street, late at night trying to get home, and you see someone coming towards you. As you pass the person, you see a tall and bulky figure wearing a black hood that puts a shadow on a roughed up looking man. Before you can make a conscious thought, your legs have already moved as far away from him as possible, purely out of instinct, even thought a second later you realize its your neighbor and you shakily smile at them and keep walking. The first impression that had subconsciously and immediately formed in the mind had already controlled the bodys reaction to what it perceived to be a threat (a scary looking man). Yet, it also shows how incorrect first impressions can be, and that can have a huge effect on peoples lives. Since its such a big part of everyday life, psychologists have looked deeply into the workings of first impressions. Social perception is the field of study which looks into how we form impressions and make inferences about other people. It is a very complex process, especially forming impressions of objects, animals and most importantly people. We form first impressions of others very quickly and usually based on little information. We give special attention to salient features, focusing first on the face, then physical features while moving on to appearance and clothes. Then the process continues to categorizing the first impression of a person into a member of a group, starting broadly, from age and gender, and narrowing down to explicit features. It is followed by our own previous knowledge that comes into effect of our impression as well as previous behavior that has been gathered about that impression, as then our own needs and goals influence how we perceive others. And that information is needed, as people can be unpredictable. In the past the information was needed in order to distinguish trustworthy people from those who mean us harm, when now its socially needed to interact suitably with people. In order to understand first impressions, the biology behind it must be understood. From an evolutionary point of view, first impressions have adaptive advantages, such as picking the appropriate mate. The first impression we perceive of someone is essential for us to understand how physically attractive, reliable, and strong they are, as we make that decision based on physical appearance rather than the personality of the person, as we would like the offspring to be good looking, healthy, meaning characteristics that are advantageous to the perceivers reproductive needs, and we must act fast before the window of opportunity closes. Also if someone means us harm, or is ill, there is the possibility of us being harmed or falling ill ourselves, again we must act fast to avoid this. Usually the first impressions are most accurate, but there is always human error, as sometimes what we perceive to be trustworthy, isnt. What the evolutionary point of view argues is that its possible that o ur ability to form first impressions isnt due to practice, but instinct. We seem to effortlessly form first impressions and even better with practice and experience. There are reasons to suggest that people may have an adaptive predisposition to form rapid first impressions when meeting someone. When people look at other peoples features its important to act fast, because for an instance, if someone is untrustworthy then they may look like they may harm, cheat or insult us and we should register the fact as quick as possible in order to act appropriately. If not, then the consequences may be being killed, hurt or cheated. Its better to be prepared to fight off harm rather than mull over the intent of the other person. There have been several studies that have looked at trustworthiness and first impression. These are not just the source of benefits, but there are also the sources of threats, for instance when forming the first impression, it must be fast as there is competition, and sometimes the competition could mean us harm. Even good meaning individual s may pose a threat to our health or reproductive fitness. Schiller et al 2009, investigated the brain mechanisms that rise when first impressions are rapidly formed when meeting a stranger (Schiller et al 2009). There were nineteen right-handed participants, who were told that they would see information about different people and were asked to give their impressions of them. In their neuro-imaging analysis, where they examined which regions showed the difference in evaluation effect out of regions that were broadly engaged in the impression-formation task, the only regions showing significantly greater bold responses to evaluation-relevant sentences were the amygdala the PCC and the thalamus. There were no regions showing the opposite effect. The first study suggesting that the amygdala, a part of the brain that research has shown to perform a role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions has an important role in trustworthiness judgments, was conducted by Adolphs, Tranel, Damasio, 1998. They showed that patients with bilateral amygdala damage perceived untrustworthy-looking faces as trustworthy, and couldnt discriminate between trustworthy and untrustworthy faces (Adolphs, Tranel, and Damasio, 1998). Several years later, Engell, Haxby Todorov, 2007, looked into the fact of whether a stranger is trustworthy, as one of the most important decisions in social environments and relations, something we consider when acquainting with new people (Engell, Haxby Todorov, 2007). There is considerable data about the significance of trait impressions from faces, yet there is little research about the neural mechanisms causing these impressions. There were one hundred and twenty-nine undergraduate students participating i n the study, where functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to show that the amygdala is involved in hidden evaluations of trustworthiness of faces, consistent with previous findings. They reported that the amygdala response increased as perceived trustworthiness decreased in a task that did not demand person evaluation. Engell, Haxby Todorov also tested whether the increased amygdala response was due to an individuals own personal perception or to face characteristics that are perceived as untrustworthy throughout individuals. The amygdala response was better predicted by agreed ratings of trustworthiness than by an individuals own judgments. Individual judgments accounted for little outstanding variance in the amygdala after controlling for the shared variance with agreed ratings. The findings of this study suggested that the amygdala categorizes faces automatically according to face characteristics that are seen to show trustworthiness. More recently, Todorov Duchaine, 2008, looked at developmental prosopagnosics who had severe impairments in their memory for faces and perception of facial identity who showed they could make normal trustworthiness judgments of novel faces (Todorov Duchaine, 2008). Their control group consisted of forty-eight undergraduate students, mostly male with the mean age of twenty, which were younger compared to the four developmental prosopagnosics used in the experiment, where they were presented with face sets with the question â€Å"How trustworthy is this person?† and asked to respond on the scale below the photograph. What they found was that there were no significant differences between male and female control participants on both their agreement in the ratings of the faces and their mean trustworthiness judgments. They also tested the four prosopagnosics on three different face sets: set one consisted of faces that contrasted on multiple proportions and which were also used t o demonstrate injuries in trustworthiness judgments of patients with bilateral amygdala damage. The other two sets consisted of normal faces with a direct look, with neutral expression and similar age. Todorov Duchaine found that on all the tests, two of the prosopagnosics made judgments that agreed with the controls judgments while the other two showed weak. The implications of this experiment suggest that there is a correlation that the tests mapped the same underlying judgment irrespective of the specific face stimuli. The normal performance of two of the prosopagnosics suggested that forming person impressions from faces involves mechanisms functionally independent of mechanisms for encoding the identity of faces. A later study by Oosterhof Todorov, 2009, proposed that changes in trustworthiness match to the subtle changes in expressions, which show whether the person displaying the emotion should be avoided or approached (Oosterhof Todorov, 2009). Oosterhof and Todorov used a dynamic paradigm where faces expressed either happiness or anger. There were sixty undergraduate students participating in the experiment, with twenty-one participating in the selection of trustworthy and untrustworthy faces, and thirty-nine participated in the dynamic stimuli study. They manipulated changes in face trustworthiness at the same time as with the change in the face expression, for instance changes from high to low trustworthiness increased the intensity of participants perceived anger but decreased the intensity of participants perceived happiness. What they found was that trustworthy faces who expressed happiness were seen as happier than untrustworthy faces, and untrustworthy faces who expressed anger w ere seen as angrier than trustworthy faces, which makes sense as the more angry and unapproachable someone looks, the more likely we are to avoid them for our own safety as they would look intimidating to us. When we first make an interaction with someone, our facial recognition of them is essential for the social interaction. Its not a conscious thought per se, when the decision of how trustworthy someone is, but it happens, and we decide whether the person weve just met is someone we can relate to, then maybe consider a friend, and later depend on them with everything that we care about. Its not a light matter, our lives are who and what we are, and unfortunately as it is we cannot rely sorely on ourselves, and we need other people, may it be for help, comfort or just a chat. And of course, the people we look for are those who wont turn their backs on us when we need them and will be there to support us. Its a simple survival skill, trust those who wont hurt us and we can live normally. When people are emotionally animated it is much easier to perceive the expressions they convey, particularly threatening and fearful ones very swiftly, which helps us respond to danger quickly. But how fast are first impressions exactly? Several researches have looked into how fast first impressions are made. In 2006, Bar et al looked into the fact that first impressions of peoples personalities are often formed by using the visual appearance of their faces (Bar, Neta, Linz, 2006). They reported four experiments; with the first measuring the speed of how first impressions of intelligence and threatening personality are made. They used sixty adults, mostly women, where the participants in the experiment were shown one face at a time and were asked to rate, on a scale ranging from 1 to 5, the level that they perceived each face to belong first to threatening person, and later followed with an intelligent person at the second part of the experiment. What Bat et al did was present the faces for different time lengths to different groups of participants, the first group was presented the faces for a short time and the other group was presented with faces for a longer time and then the correlation between the judgments of each group was measured, they identified how quickly participants judged a face as having a certain personality. The results demonstrate that consistent first impressions can be formed very quickly, based on whatever information is available within the first 39 ms. First impressions were less consistent under these conditions when the judgments were about intelligence, suggesting that survival-related traits are judged more quickly. The study showed that when faces are particularly emotionally expressive, people can detect these expressions that are being conveyed, such as threatening and fearful expressions, very quickly and mostly subconsciously. While Bar, Neta, Linz, 2006, looked at neutral expressions in their study, Blair, Morris, Frith, Perrett, Dolan, 1999, looked at emotions portrayed by the face. Blair et al, 1999, used functional neuroimaging to test two hypotheses: one, whether the amygdala has a neural response to sad and angry facial expressions and two, whether the orbito-frontal cortex has a specific neural response to angry facial expressions (Blair, Morris, Frith, Perrett, Dolan, 1999). There were thirteen male participants, all with the mean age of 25 who were PET scanned, while performing a sex discrimination task that consisted of grey-scale images of faces that expressed different degrees of sadness and anger. They found that increasing force of sad facial expressions was associated with enhanced activity in the left amygdala and right temporal pole. The results also indicated

Currency hedging Essay -- essays research papers

What is hedging? Hedging is a strategy used to protect risks posed by worldwide currency fluctuations. One hedges the currency risk by contracting to sell foreign currency in the future, at the current exchange rate (Fries). If fund managers think the dollar is going to be stronger when they are ready to change the foreign currency back into American dollars, then they take out a foreign futures contract (a hedge). Thus, they lock in the exchange rate beforehand, so that they will not lose profits gained from holding devalued foreign currency (Hedging, 1999). If the manager guesses correctly, he will boost the fund’s overall return because the profits will be worth even more when they are exchanged into American dollars. The foreign exchange market is one of the most important financial markets. It influences the relative price of goods between countries and can shape trade. It influences the price of imports and can have an effect on a country’s price level (inflation rate). In addition, it influences the international investment and financing decisions. Exchange rates present many risks to a company and a company must be able to hedge itself (Gray, 2003). The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency is called an exchange rate (Gray, 2003). Foreign investors need to sell in a foreign currency to be competitive. By making the most of the exchange rate risk, it may take away some of the risk of the cross border trade from customers. This in turn may encourage a customer to buy products. Exchange rates are the amount of one country’s currency needed to purchase one unit of another currency (Gray, 2003). Typically, vacationers wanting to exchange money will not be bothered with shifts in the exchange rates. However, for multinational companies, dealing with very large amounts of money in their transactions, the rise or fall of a currency can mean receiving a surplus or a deficit on their balance sheets, which is an example of translation risk. Translation risk is more of an accounting issue, and refers primarily to the impact of exchange rates on earnings and balance sheet items (Hedging, 1999). Another type of exchange risk faced by multinational companies is transaction risk. If a company sells products to an overseas customer, it might be subject to transaction risk. Transaction risk refers to actual conversions of cash flows from one c... ...to the American dollar will affect the total loss or gain on the investment when the money is converted back. This risk usually affects businesses, but it can also affect individual investors who make international investments, also called currency risk (Investorworld). References http://www.investorwords.com/1808/exchange_rate_risk.html retrieved February 27, 2005 Fries, Bill. Thornburg Articles. Currency Hedging retrieved February 24, 2005 from http://www.thornburginvestments.com/research/articles/Currency%20Hedging.asp Gray, Phil and Irwin, Tim. (2003). Allocating Exchange Rate Risk in Private   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Infrastructure Contracts retrieved February 24, 2005 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://rru.worldbank.org/Discussions/Topics/Topic21.aspx Hedging Currency Risk with Options and Futures retrieved February 25, 2005 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.goldencapital.com/research/reports/hedging.htm Kaepplinger, Peter (1990). The CPA Journal Online Foreign currency hedging transactions under Section 988Temporary regulations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retrieved February 24, 2005 from http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/old/08660556.htm